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first-set reaction

1 first-set reaction

Иммунология: первичный иммунный ответ, первичное отторжение (трансплантата)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first-set reaction
2 first set reaction

( Transp) Erstabstoßungsreaktion f

Fachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch > first set reaction
3 first-set reaction

1) первичный иммунный ответ 2) первичное отторжение ( трансплантата)

Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии > first-set reaction
4 reaction

реакция

no reaction — отсутствие реакции (напр. на вакцину); отсутствие чувствительности ( к аллергену)

accelerated reaction — ускоренная ( вакциноидная) реакция

acute aggressive reaction — 1) внезапная агрессивная реакция ( форма примитивного иммунного ответа у беспозвоночных) 2) острый криз отторжения ( трансплантате)

addition reaction — реакция присоединения

adverse reaction — побочная реакция

alkaline reaction — щелочная реакция

allergic reaction — аллергическая реакция

allergic bowel reaction — кишечная аллергия; аллергическая энтеропатия

altered self reaction — реакция на «изменённое своё» ( вид аутоиммунной реакции)

anamnestic reaction — анамнестическая реакция, вторичный иммунный ответ, бустер-эффект

anaphylactic reaction — анафилактическая реакция, анафилаксия

anaphylactoid reaction — анафилактоидная реакция (реакция, клинически сходная с анафилактической, но вызванная не комплексом антиген-антитело)

antibody-catalyzed reaction — ( ферментативная) реакция, катализируемая антителами

anti-idiotypic reactions — антиидиотипическое взаимодействие, реакции по типу идиотип-антиидиотип ( в теории сети)

antiproteinase reaction — антипротеиназная реакция ( при ревматизме)

argyrophil reaction — аргирофильная [аргентофильная] реакция

Arthus' reaction — феномен Артюса, местная [локальная]анафилаксия

autoallergic reaction — реакция на аутоаллерген, аутоаллергическая реакция

biphasic allergic reaction — двухфазовая [двухстадийная] аллергическая реакция (реакция, состоящая из немедленной и замедленной фаз)

biuret reaction — биуретова реакция ( на белок)

blast-transformation reaction — реакция бласттрансформации ( в смешанной культуре) лимфоцитов, РБТЛ

cell-mediated immune reaction — клеточно-опосредованная иммунная реакция

circumsporozoite reaction — реакция обволакивания спорозонта (реакция преципитации спорозонтов иммунной сывороткой, в результате которой образуется хвостовидный преципитат)

clotting reaction — 1) образование сгустка ( крови), коагуляция 2) агрегация ( целомических клеток у иглокожих)

coincidental allergic reaction — симптоматическая аллергическая реакция

color reaction — цветная реакция (напр. на белок)

complement-dependent reaction — комплементзависимая реакция

complement-fixation reaction — реакция связывания комплемента, реакция Борде-Жангу

coupling reaction — реакция связывания (напр. носителя с гаптеном); реакция синтеза ( полимера)

cross-serological reaction — перекрёстная серологическая реакция

cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity reaction — аллергическая реакция кожной гиперчувствительности

decomposition reaction — реакция распада, реакция разложения

delayed-type reaction — реакция замедленной гиперчувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности замедленного типа

direct antibody rosetting reaction — реакция прямого розеткообразования

drug reaction — лекарственная [медикаментозная] аллергия; дермат. токсикодермия

dual allergic reaction — двухфазовая [двухстадийная] аллергическая реакция (реакция, состоящая из немедленной и замедленной фаз)

early reaction — реакция немедленной гиперчувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности немедленного типа

elimination reaction — реакция элиминации

enzymatic reaction — ферментативная [энзиматическая] реакция

exclusion reaction — реакция исключения ( суперинфицирующего фага)

facilitation reaction — усиление [стимуляция] приживляемости трансплантата

febrile agglutinin reaction — реакция с бактериальными агглютининами, реакция бактериоагглютинации, уст. реакция агглютинации в фазе лихорадки

Fernandez's reaction — реакция Фернандеса ( кожная проба с лепромином)

first-set reaction — 1) первичный иммунный ответ 2) первичное отторжение ( трансплантата)

generalized Schwartzman's reaction — феномен Шварцмана-Санарелли, генерализованный феномен Шварцмана (анафилактический шок в ответ на введение суспензии холерных вибрионов сенсибилизированному животному)

graft-versus-host reaction — реакция «трансплантат против хозяина», РТПХ

Gram reaction — метод окраски бактерий по Граму

Gruber's reaction — реакция Грубера (количественная агглютинационная проба для серодиагностики бактериальных инфекций с помощью типирующих сывороток)

heat-absorbing reaction — эндотермическая реакция

heat-generating reaction — экзотермическая реакция

heat-producing reaction — экзотермическая реакция

hemagglutination reaction — реакция гемагглютинации

hemagglutination-enhancement reaction — реакция стимуляции гемагглютинации

hemagglutination-inhibition reaction — реакция торможения гемагглютинации

Herxheimer's reaction — реакция Херксхеймера (реакция замедленной гиперчувствительности в ответ на массовую гибель бактерий после проведённого лечения)

heterohemagglutinin reaction — реакция гемагглютинации с антисывороткой к гетерологичным эритроцитам

hypersensitivity reaction — реакция повышенной чувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности

idling reaction — реакция «вхолостую» ( на рибосомах)

immediate-type reaction — реакция немедленной гиперчувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности немедленного типа

immune reaction — иммунная реакция, иммунный ответ

innocent bystander reaction — лекарственно-аллергическая лейкоэритропения

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction — эндотоксиновая лихорадка, реакция Джарича-Херксхеймера

Jones-Mote reaction — феномен Джоунса-Моута (слабовыраженная кожная реакция замедленной базофильной гиперчувствительности в ответ на сенсибилизацию субиммуногенными дозами антигена)

late-onset reaction — реакция замедленной гиперчувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности замедленного типа

local basophil-rich reaction — местная аллергическая реакция

local hypersensitivity reaction — местная реакция гиперчувствительности

local immune reaction — местная иммунная реакция

long-chain reaction — длинноцепочечный тест ( проба на типоспецифические антитела к M-протеину стафилококков)

macrophage disappearance reaction — реакция элиминации макрофагов (уменьшение количества примированных макрофагов в брюшной полости после повторного введения сенсибилизированному животному антигена)

maternal immune reaction — иммуноконфликтная реакция у беременных

Merskey's reaction — реакция торможения агглютинации таннизированных эритроцитов, РТГА ТЭ, реакция Мерски

microbiallergic reaction — микробная [бактериальная] аллергия

miostagmin reaction — реакция Асколи, проба с миостагмином ( термопреципитиновая кольцевая проба с сибиреязвенным антигеном)

Mitsuda's reaction — реакция Мицуды ( внутрикожная проба с лепромином)

mixed lymphocyte reaction — реакция смешанной культуры лимфоцитов, СКЛ-реакция

monophasic allergic reaction — реакция немедленной гиперчувствительности, реакция гиперчувствительности немедленного типа

multistep reaction — многоступенчатая [каскадная] реакция

multisubstrate reaction — полисубстратная [мультисубстратная] реакция

Neufeld reaction — реакция Нейфельда (феномен набухания капсулы пневмококков при добавлении специфических антител); лаб. проба Нейфельда ( для серотипирования пневмококков)

2) лаб. лимфатические сосуды

Otto's reaction — проба Отто ( реакция агглютинации с протеем)

paraserum reaction — реакция ложной агглютинации, параагглютинация

peptidylation reaction — реакция пептидилирования

phage-antiphage reaction — реакция нейтрализации фага антисывороткой, реакция иммунной нейтрализации фага

photoallergic reaction — фотоаллергическая реакция; ( контактный) фотодерматоз

piggyback reaction — реакция типа «волокуши» (взаимодействие A- и B-иммунотоксинов, приводящее к связыванию A-цепи с иммобилизованным на клетке B-компонентом)

Prausnitz-Kustner reaction — реакция Прауснитц-Кюстнера, реакция переноса пассивной кожной анафилаксии

primed reaction — 1) первичная [инициаторная] реакция 2) биохим. затравочная реакция

priming reaction — 1) биохим. затравочная реакция 2) первичная [инициаторная] реакция

protected reaction — реакция экранирования (иммунологически активного сайта макромолекулы в процессе её иммобилизации или связывания с носителем)

pseudoallergic reaction — псевдоаллергическая реакция

pseudo-Schick reaction — ложная [ложноположительная] реакция на дифтерийный токсин

quellung reaction — реакция набухания ( бактериальной) капсулы

reagmic reaction — ( аллергическая) реакция, опосредуемая реагином

reagin-mediated reaction — ( аллергическая) реакция, опосредуемая реагином

recollection reaction — анамнестическая реакция, вторичный иммунный ответ, бустер-эффект

red cell-linked-antigen-antiglobulin reaction — реакция пассивного гемолиза

redox reaction — окислительно-восстановительная реакция

reorientation reaction — феномен переориентации ( перемещение аппарата Голъджи в клетке-киллере к участку связывания мишени)

reversible reaction — обратимая реакция

Rieckenberg's reaction — реакция Рикенберга ( реакция иммунного прилипания при трипаносомозе)

Schwartzman's reaction — феномен Шварцмана-Санарелли, генерализованный феномен Шварцмана (анафилактический шок в ответ на введение суспензии холерных вибрионов сенсибилизированному животному)

second-set reaction — 1) анамнестическая реакция, вторичный иммунный ответ, бустер-эффект 2) вторичное отторжение ( трансплантата)

side reaction — побочная реакция

staining reaction — реакция окрашивания, окраска (напр. электрофореграмм)

sterile inflammatory reaction — асептическая воспалительная реакция

Sven-Gard reaction — реакция по Свену-Гарду ( реакция агглютинации бактерий)

symptomatic reaction — 1) симптоматическая реакция 2) лекарственная [медикаментозная] аллергия

synthetic reaction — реакция синтеза

systemic GVH reaction — системная реакция организма по типу «трансплантат против хозяина»

transfusion reaction — трансфузионная реакция ( анафилактическая реакция при переливании крови)

turbidity reaction — реакция помутнения

typing reaction — реакция типирования

unprimed reaction — беззатравочная реакция

vaccinal reaction — поствакцинальная реакция, послепрививочная реакция

vaccinoid reaction — вакциноидная реакция

Weil-Felix reaction — реакция Вейля-Феликса ( реакция агглютинации для серодиагностики риккетсиозных инфекций)

wheal reaction — экспресс-анализ лизо поствакцинальная реакция, послепрививочная реакция цима ( в виде кожной сыпи)

wheal-and-flare skin reaction — кожная реакция по типу «цветения» ( аллергическая реакция с яркой кожной симптоматикой)

white-graft reaction — «белое» отторжение трансплантата ( сверхострый криз отторжения)

Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии > reaction
5 set

set [set]

jeu ⇒ 1 (a) série ⇒ 1 (a) ensemble ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) cercle ⇒ 1 (b) appareil ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (d) set ⇒ 1 (e) fixe ⇒ 2 (a) arrêté ⇒ 2 (b) figé ⇒ 2 (b) résolu ⇒ 2 (c) prêt ⇒ 2 (d) mettre ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer ⇒ 3 (b) régler ⇒ 3 (c) fixer ⇒ 3 (f), 3 (i) établir ⇒ 3 (f) faire prendre ⇒ 3 (h) se coucher ⇒ 4 (a) prendre ⇒ 4 (b)

(pt & pp set, cont setting)

1 noun

(a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;

∎ a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;

∎ a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;

∎ a set of sheets une parure de lit;

∎ badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;

∎ they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;

∎ the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;

∎ I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;

∎ they make a set ils vont ensemble;

∎ to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;

∎ he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;

∎ a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;

∎ a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;

∎ they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;

∎ given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;

∎ the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;

∎ they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens

(b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;

∎ he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;

∎ we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;

∎ the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;

∎ the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;

∎ the Markham set Markham et ses amis

(c) Mathematics ensemble m

(d) (electrical device) appareil m; (radio, TV) poste m;

∎ a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur

(e) Sport set m, manche f;

∎ first set to Miss Williams set Williams

(f) Cinema & Television plateau m; Theatre (stage) scène f; (scenery) décor m;

∎ on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène

(g) (part of performance → by singer, group)

∎ he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;

∎ her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée

(h) British School groupe m de niveau

(i) (for hair) mise f en plis;

∎ to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis

(j) (posture → of shoulders, body) position f, attitude f; (→ of head) port m;

∎ I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère

(k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;

∎ suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement

(l) Psychology (tendency) tendance f

(m) Horticulture (seedling) semis m; (cutting) bouture f;

∎ tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer

(n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f

(o) Hunting (of hound) arrêt m

(p) Building industry (paving stone) pavé m

(q) (of badger) terrier m

2 adjective

(a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;

∎ meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;

∎ there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;

∎ the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;

∎ with no set purpose sans but précis

(b) (fixed, rigid → ideas, views) arrêté; (→ smile, frown) figé;

∎ her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;

∎ he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;

∎ to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;

∎ to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions

(c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;

∎ to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;

∎ I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;

∎ he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement

(d) (ready, in position) prêt;

∎ are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?

(e) (likely) probablement;

∎ he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;

∎ house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche

(f) British School (book, subject) au programme;

∎ one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'

3 transitive verb

(a) (put in specified place or position) mettre, poser;

∎ he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;

∎ to set sth before sb (dish, glass) placer qch devant qn; (proposal, plan) présenter qch à qn;

∎ she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;

∎ to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;

∎ to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;

∎ to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;

∎ to set sb ashore débarquer qn

(b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;

∎ the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;

∎ his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;

∎ the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;

∎ her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle

(c) (adjust → clock, mechanism) régler; (→ alarm) mettre; Computing (→ tabs, format) poser;

∎ I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;

∎ set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;

∎ he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;

∎ I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;

∎ how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;

∎ set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;

∎ first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;

∎ the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"

(d) (fix into position) mettre, fixer; (jewel, diamond) sertir, monter;

∎ the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;

∎ there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;

∎ to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;

∎ metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;

∎ the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;

∎ the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;

∎ Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;

∎ figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;

∎ she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;

∎ we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister

(e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;

∎ to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;

∎ to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;

∎ set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert

(f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;

∎ they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;

∎ you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;

∎ it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;

∎ a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;

∎ to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;

∎ figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;

∎ the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;

∎ the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;

∎ how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;

∎ to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;

∎ to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;

∎ to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;

∎ to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch

(g) (indicating change of state or activity)

∎ to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;

∎ it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;

∎ also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;

∎ to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;

∎ he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;

∎ to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;

∎ the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;

∎ it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;

∎ his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;

∎ the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;

∎ to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;

∎ the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;

∎ to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche

(h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;

∎ pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture

(i) (pose → problem) poser; (assign → task) fixer;

∎ the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;

∎ I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;

∎ I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement

(j) British School (exam) composer, choisir les questions de; (books, texts) mettre au programme;

∎ she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;

∎ who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?

(k) (hair)

∎ to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;

∎ and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;

∎ I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis

(l) Horticulture (plant) planter

(m) Typography (text, page) composer;

∎ to set type composer

(n) Music (poem, words)

∎ to set sth to music mettre qch en musique

4 intransitive verb

(a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;

∎ we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil

(b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;

∎ her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination

(c) (bone) se ressouder

(d) (start) se mettre;

∎ he set to work il s'est mis au travail

(e) (plant, tree) prendre racine

(f) (hen) couver

(g) (wind, tide)

∎ the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest

(h) Hunting (hound) tomber en arrêt

►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;

Grammar set expression expression f figée;

set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;

set meal, set menu meal menu m;

Grammar set phrase expression f figée;

set piece

(a) Art, Literature & Music morceau m de bravoure

(b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice

(c) (of scenery) élément m de décor

(d) Sport combinaison f préparée ou calculée;

Sport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;

Technology set screw vis f de réglage;

Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;

set square équerre f (à dessiner);

set task tâche f assignée;

∎ to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;

Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles

➲ set about inseparable transitive verb

(a) (start → task) se mettre à;

∎ she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;

∎ I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;

∎ how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?

(b) (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à;

∎ he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie

➲ set against separable transitive verb

(a) (compare)

∎ to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;

∎ to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;

∎ we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions

(b) Finance (offset)

∎ some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts

(c) (friends, family) monter contre;

∎ religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;

∎ to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch

➲ set ahead separable transitive verb

American

∎ to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;

∎ we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit

➲ set apart separable transitive verb

(a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;

∎ there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;

∎ they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part

(b) (distinguish) distinguer ( from de);

∎ her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants

➲ set aside separable transitive verb

(a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;

∎ could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?

(b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;

∎ I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;

∎ the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;

∎ can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;

∎ chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les

(c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;

∎ they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble

(d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter

(e) Law (annul → contract, will) annuler; (→ verdict, judgment) casser

➲ set back separable transitive verb

(a) (situate towards the rear)

∎ the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route

(b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;

∎ his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;

∎ the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;

∎ this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière

(c) familiar (cost) coûter à^□ ;

∎ the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher

➲ set down separable transitive verb

(a) (tray, bag etc) poser

(b) British (passenger) déposer;

∎ the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare

(c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;

∎ try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit

(d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;

∎ the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;

∎ permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;

∎ to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;

∎ it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuré

➲ set forth

1 inseparable transitive verb

formal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;

∎ the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitre

2 intransitive verb

literary partir, se mettre en route

➲ set in

1 intransitive verb

(problems) survenir, surgir; (disease) se déclarer; (winter) commencer; (night) tomber;

∎ if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;

∎ the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;

∎ panic set in (began) la panique éclata; (lasted) la panique s'installa

2 separable transitive verb

Sewing (sleeve) monter

➲ set off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (alarm) déclencher; (bomb) faire exploser; (fireworks) faire partir

(b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;

∎ their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;

∎ it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;

∎ to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;

∎ this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;

∎ one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;

∎ if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;

∎ the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;

∎ don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;

∎ someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;

∎ figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste

(c) (enhance) mettre en valeur;

∎ the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur

(d) Finance (offset)

∎ some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts

2 intransitive verb

partir, se mettre en route;

∎ he set off at a run il est parti en courant;

∎ I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;

∎ after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route

➲ set on

1 inseparable transitive verb

(attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (cause to follow)

∎ to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;

∎ to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails

(b) (cause to attack)

∎ to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn

➲ set out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (arrange → chairs, game pieces) disposer; (→ merchandise) étaler;

∎ the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu

(b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;

∎ the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous

2 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) se mettre en route, partir;

∎ just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;

∎ to set out for school partir pour l'école;

∎ to set out again repartir;

∎ to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn

(b) (undertake course of action) entreprendre;

∎ he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;

∎ I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;

∎ they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;

∎ she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;

∎ his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…

➲ set to intransitive verb

(a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;

∎ we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur

(b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains

➲ set up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;

∎ everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;

∎ set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;

∎ he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;

∎ the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;

∎ the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;

∎ he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser

(b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;

∎ to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp

(c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;

∎ to set up house or home s'installer;

∎ they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;

∎ to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;

∎ you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;

∎ the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre

(d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;

∎ he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;

∎ she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;

∎ the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;

∎ the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur

(e) (provide)

∎ we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;

∎ she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;

∎ I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines

(f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;

∎ have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter

(g) familiar (frame) monter un coup contre;

∎ she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;

∎ he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire^□, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire^□

(h) Typography (text) composer

2 intransitive verb

s'installer, s'établir;

∎ he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;

∎ to set up on one's own (business) s'installer à son compte; (home) prendre son propre appartement

➲ set upon inseparable transitive verb

(physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > set
6 set

set 1. present participle - setting; verb
1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) sette, legge, plassere

2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) dekke på bordet

3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) (fast)sette, angi

4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) gi, sette opp; vise

5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) få til å

6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) gå ned

7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) stivne, binde, størkne

8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) stille

9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) legge (hår)

10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) innfatte

11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) sette sammen/i ledd
2. adjective
1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) fast, foreskrevet, obligatorisk

2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) klar, parat, fast besluttet

3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) uttalt, bestemt

4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) stiv, sammenbitt

5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) meget bestemt, fastlåst

6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) besatt/pyntet med
3. noun
1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) sett, samling

2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) -apparat

3) (a group of people: the musical set.) krets, gjeng, klikk, -sett

4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) legg(ing)

5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) dekorasjon, kulisser

6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) sett

•

- setting
- setback
- set phrase
- set-square
- setting-lotion
- set-to
- set-up
- all set
- set about
- set someone against someone
- set against someone
- set someone against
- set against
- set aside
- set back
- set down
- set in
- set off
- set something or someone on someone
- set on someone
- set something or someone on
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up
- set up camp
- set up house
- set up shop
- set upon

bande
--------
bestemt
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legge
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stø

I
subst. \/set\/

1) sett, samling

• I own a set of golf clubs

jeg eier et sett med golfkøller

• where's my toilet set?

hvor er toalettsakene mine?

• I washed the set of blue underwear

jeg vasket det blå undertøysettet

• I bought a lovely tea set

jeg kjøpte et flott teservise

• they're giving a set of lectures on Norway

de har en serie forelesninger om Norge

• this is a good set of drawing instruments

dette er bra tegneutstyr

• he has only one set of knife, fork and spoon

han har bare ett spisebestikk

• they have a set of questions for you

de har en rekke spørsmål til deg

• this is a nice set of teeth

dette er en fin tanngard

• he has a different set of values

han har andre verdier

• we met over a chess set

vi møttes over et sjakkspill

2) ( om bokverk) samtlige bind, verk

• the set was incomplete, as one volume was missing

verket var ufullstendig siden ett bind var borte

• the encyclopedia costs £850 the set

leksikonet koster 850 pund komplett

3) ( om mennesker) (omgangs)krets, gruppe, klikk

• he doesn't belong to our set

han hører ikke til vår omgangskrets

• they're a set of smugglers

de er en gjeng med smuglere

• that's a fine set of men

det er en statelig samling menn

4) apparat, anlegg

• don't leave the TV set on

ikke la TV-apparatet stå på

• that's a brand new hi-fi set

det er et helt nytt hi-fi-anlegg

5) ( om tidevann eller strøm) (bevegelses)retning

• do you know the set of the tide?

vet du tidevannets retning?

6) ( overført) innstilling, tendens, vridning

• the set of the public opinion isn't good

opinionens innstilling er ikke bra

• there's a set to the right

det er en vridning mot høyre

7) helling, måte

• I like the set of his head

jeg liker måten han holder hodet sitt på

8) plassering, stilling

9) form

• the set of the hills has always fascinated me

formen på bakkelandskapet har alltid fascinert meg

10) ( om tekstil) passform, fall

• I don't like the set of his coat

jeg syns ikke jakken hans sitter bra

11) ( poetisk) nedgang

• they met at the crossroads at the set of sun

de møttes ved korsveien ved solnedgang

12) ( sport) sett

13) ( om jakthund) stand

14) ( overført) angrep

15) gatestein, brostein

16) ( teater eller film) kulisse(r), dekorasjon

17) ( teater eller film) scene, innspillingsområde

18) ( hagebruk) stikling, avlegger, setteplante

19) (grevling)hi

20) ( om hår) legg

• I'd like a shampoo and set, please

jeg vil gjerne ha vask og legg, takk

21) ( matematikk) mengde, gruppe

22) ( i visse danser) tur(er)

23) ( bygg) finpuss

24) ( teknikk) stivning, herding

25) vikking (av en sag)

26) ( zoologi) rugeegg

27) ( typografi) trykksats, sett

empty set ( matematikk eller EDB) tom mengde

the fast set de forlystelsessyke, de som er med

have no set against anyone ikke ha noe imot noen

the jet set jetsettet

the literary set de litterære

make a dead set at gå løs på forsøke å legge an på

• the girl made a dead set at the young man

jenta forsøkte å legge an på den unge mannen

a set of furniture et møblement

set of wheels ( hverdagslig) bil, kjerre

the smart set de fine, fintfolk

theory of sets eller set theory ( matematikk) mengdelære

the whole set ( hverdagslig) hele gjengen, hele hurven

the young set ungdommen
II
verb ( set - set) \/set\/

1) sette (frem), stille, legge ut, sette ut

• could you set the chairs?

kan du sette frem stolene?

• they set guards

de satte ut vakter

• she set a trap

hun satte ut en felle

• she set the police on him

hun satte politiet på ham

2) dekke

• he's setting the table

han dekker bordet

3) ( om klokke) stille

• here we set our watches by the time signal

her stiller vi klokken etter tidssignalet

• I'll set the alarm clock for six o'clock

jeg skal stille vekkerklokken på seks

• he was setting (the hands of) the clock

han stilte en klokke

4) bestemme, fastsette

• we set a time for the meeting

vi fastsatte et tidspunkt for møtet

• that set the tone

det slo an tonen

• she sets the fashion

hun bestemmer moten

5) fremlegge (for), gi

• the teacher set them a problem

læreren fremla et problem for dem

• she set certain books to be read

hun satte sammen en bokliste

• I'll set the exam paper

jeg skal sette sammen eksamensoppgaven

6) få (i gang), sette (i gang)

• it set his heart beating faster

det fikk hjertet hans til å slå raskere

• I set the machine going

jeg satte i gang maskinen

• it set people laughing

det fikk folk til å le

• the news set me thinking

nyheten fikk meg til å tenke

7) ( om himmellegeme eller overført) gå ned, synke

• the sun sets at eight

solen går ned klokken åtte

• his star has set

hans stjerne har dalt

8) stivne, sette seg, tykne

• the jelly has not set yet

geleen har ikke stivnet ennå

• some kinds of concrete set quickly

noen typer betong stivner raskt

9) ( overført) befeste seg, sette seg, stivne

• his character has set

hans personlighet har befestet seg

10) ( om ansiktsuttrykk eller øyne) stivne, bli stram

• his eyes set

han ble stiv i blikket

• his face set

han ble stram i ansiktet

11) ( typografi) sette (sats)

• I set the page yesterday

jeg satte siden i går

12) (teater e.l.) legge til, foregå

• he set the scene in France

han la scenen til Frankrike

• the play is set in London

handlingen foregår i London

13) ( om hår) legge

• she had her hair set

hun fikk lagt håret

• did you set your hair on rollers?

la du opp håret på ruller?

14) montere, sette opp

• she was busy setting set butterflies

hun var opptatt med å sette opp sommerfugler på nåler

15) ( hagebruk) sette (ned), plante, så

• I set potatoes every year as a child

jeg satte poteter hvert år som barn

• we should set the hedge before we leave

vi burde plante hekken før vi drar

• don't set seeds here

ikke så frø her

16) ( hagebruk) (få til å) sette frukt

• this would help to set the tomatoes

dette vil få tomatene til å sette frukt

• a tree sets

et tre setter frukt

• fruit sets

frukt dannes

17) besette, innfatte

• it is set with jewels

den er besatt med juveler

• it's a stone set in gold

det er en stein innfattet i gull

• I bought glass panes set in lead

jeg kjøpte blyinnfattede glassvinduer

• he painted the sky set with stars

han malte en himmel overstrødd med stjerner

18) ( om musikk) tonesette, sette

• Sarah set new words to an old tune

Sarah satte ny tekst til en gammel melodi

19) (medisin, om ben eller ledd) sette på plass, reponere, sette i ledd, gro, vokse sammen

• the doctor set the broken bone

legen reponerte det brukne benet

• his bones will soon set

benene hans kommer snart til å gro

20) ( om sag) vikke

• I don't know how to set a saw

jeg vet ikke hvordan man vikker en sag

21) ( sjøfart) sette

22) få til å stivne, gjøre stiv

• cold sets jelly

kulde får gelé til å stivne

23) beregne, vurdere, estimere

• the losses were set at £50 a day

tapet ble beregnet til å være 50 pund per dag

24) (om tidevann, strøm, vind) gå, løpe, strømme, komme

• a strong current sets through the channel

en sterk strøm går gjennom kanalen

• the wind sets from the west

vinden kommer fra vest

• the current sets to the north

strømmen løper nordover

• the tide sets in

tidevannet setter inn

25) ( overført) svinge, dreie

• public opinion is setting against the proposal

opinionen går imot forslaget

• public opinion has set in his favour

opinionen har svingt til hans fordel

26) ( om klær) sitte

• the suit sets well

dressen sitter godt

27) ( om jakthund) få stand, ta stand

28) ( om dans) figurere

• he set to his partner

han figurerte mot partneren sin

29) ( i veving) fiksere

set about gå i gang med, begynne (på)

• I should set about the paper now

jeg burde gå i gang med oppgaven nå

• please set about (in) the right way

vær så snill å begynne på riktig måte

(britisk, hverdagslig) gå løs på, fare løs på spre, sette i gang

• did you set the rumour about?

var det du som spredte ryktet?

set about doing something begynne å gjøre noe

set about it bære seg at

set about something gripe noe an, gå i gang med noe

• I don't know how to set about it

jeg vet ikke hvordan jeg skal gripe det an

set against veie (opp) mot, sette (opp) mot

• the advantages must be set against the disadvantages

fordelene må veies opp mot ulempene

sette opp mot, gjøre fiendtlig innstilt mot

• everyone was set against him

alle var satt opp mot ham

set a good example være et godt eksempel

set a hen plassere en høne på egg

set apart sette til side, reservere, legge av

set apart from skille fra, se forskjell på

set a price on something prissette noe

• you cannot set a price on friendship

du kan ikke sette en pris på vennskap

set aside legge til side, sette av, spare

• my mother set aside part of her income

moren min sparte en del av inntekten sin

se bort ifra

• setting aside his age, you're perfect for each other

bortsett fra alderen hans er dere perfekte for hverandre

avvise, forkaste

• you cannot set aside that offer

du kan ikke avvise det tilbudet

( jus) omstøte, tilsidesette, oppheve

• they are trying to set aside the will

de prøver å omstøte testamentet

• the judge set aside the verdict of the jury

dommeren opphevet juryens kjennelse

set at angripe

set at large frigi, sette på frifot

set at work sette i arbeid sette i gang

set back sette en stopper for, stoppe forsinke, sinke

• it set us back two hours

det sinket oss med to timer

skru tilbake, sette tilbake, stille tilbake

• they set (the hands of) the clock back yesterday

de skrudde klokken tilbake i går

legge bakover

• the horse set back its ears

hesten la ørene sine bakover

( hverdagslig) koste

• it set me back $50

det kostet meg 50 dollar

plassere vekk fra

• the house is well set back from the road

huset ligger et godt stykke fra veien

set before legge frem for, forelegge sette frem foran, sette frem til

• she set wine before the guests

hun satte frem vin til gjestene

set before oneself gjøre til sin oppgave

set down sette ned

• just set down that heavy bag

bare sett ned den tunge vesken

sette av, slippe av

• I'll set you down at the corner

jeg slipper deg av på hjørnet

skrive ned, skrive opp, notere sette (opp), føre (opp)

• set it down to my account

sett det på min regning

• we'll set down rules before we start

vi kommer til å sette opp regler før vi starter

• I can set it down in black and white for you

jeg kan gi deg det svart på hvitt anse, betrakte, ta

• I set him down for a thief

jeg tok ham for å være en tyv

• he set himself down as an author

han betegnet seg selv som en forfatter

( overført) sette på plass

set down as anse som, betrakte som

set down in writing skrive ned

set down to tilskrive, skylde på, forklare med

• he set down the failure to bad planning

han forklarte fiaskoen med dårlig planlegging

set eggs plassere egg under en høne

set forth legge frem, fremstille, skildre

• she set forth the theory at the conference

hun la frem teorien på konferansen

sende ut, offentliggjøre, kunngjøre gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise

• two women set forth on a journey

to kvinner la ut på en reise

• they set forth against the enemy

de dro ut mot fienden

set forth for reise til

set forward ( om visere på klokke) stille frem, skru frem

• remember to set (the hands of) the clock forward

husk å stille frem klokken

sette frem, flytte frem legge frem, anføre, foregi

• he set forward his views

han la frem sine synspunkter

fremme, hjelpe frem ( gammeldags) gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise

set free sette fri, slippe ut frigjøre

set in begynne (for alvor), falle på, sette inn

• the rainy season has set in

regntiden har begynt for alvor

• it set in to rain

det begynte å regne

• darkness set in

mørket falt på

( om tidevann) sette inn

set off gi seg i vei, gi seg ut, reise

• he's setting off on a trip

han gir seg ut på en reise

• we must set off early

vi må gi oss i vei tidlig

sette i vei, løpe avgårde

• she set off after the thief

hun satte i vei etter tyven

avfyre, få til å eksplodere, fremkalle

• don't set off the rocket

ikke avfyr raketten

• the explosion was set off by a spark

eksplosjonen ble fremkalt av en gnist

sette i gang, starte, utløse, lede inn på

• that set off a chain reaction

det satte i gang en kjedereaksjon

• this set him off on his favourite subject

dette ledet ham inn på hans favorittemne fremheve, forhøye, pryde

• the white dress set off her suntan

den hvite kjolen fremhevet brunfargen hennes oppveie, kompensere, utligne

skille (ut), skille fra

• you set off a clause by a comma

du skiller ut en leddsetning med komma

reservere, sette av

• she set off a portion of the property

hun satte av en del av eiendommen

set off running begynne å løpe

set on overfalle, kaste seg over

• I was set on by a dog

jeg ble overfalt av en hund

egge, anspore, jage

• he set his dog on me

han pusset hunden på meg

• she set Jane on to break the window

hun egget Jane til å knuse vinduet rykke frem, avansere

sette til

set oneself against eller set one's face against bestemt sette seg imot

set oneself forward fremheve seg selv

set oneself to do something sette i gang med å gjøre noe bestemme seg for å gjøre noe

set oneself up against sette seg opp mot

set one's hand to something skrive under på noe

• she set her hand to the document

hun skrev under på dokumentet

sette i gang med noe

• he set his hand to a task

han gikk i gang med en oppgave

set one's mind on sette seg i hodet, absolutt ville ha, være fast bestemt på

• he has set his mind on (having) a bicycle

han vil absolutt ha en sykkel

• she has set her mind on going there

hun er fast bestemt på å dra dit

set out gi seg i vei, dra ut, reise

• Peter and James set out on a journey

Peter og James gav seg i vei på en reise

• they set out at dawn

de dro ut ved daggry

begynne (sin virksomhet)

• Lisa set out in business four years ago

Lisa begynte i forretningslivet for fire år siden

• I set out in life with optimism

jeg gikk ut i livet med optimisme

• he had not much to set out on

han hadde ikke mye å begynne med

legge frem, fremføre, skildre

• she set out her reasons

hun la frem sine grunner

legge frem, vise frem, stille ut

• people set out merchandise

folk stilte ut handelsvarer

sette ut, plassere (ut), sette frem stake ut ( om tidevann) avta

set out for reise til

set out from dra (ut) fra, utgå fra

set out to gå i gang med, sette seg fore

• they set out to reform the system

de satte seg fore å reformere systemet

set right avhjelpe

set sail sette seil

set somebody off få noen til å

• it set everybody off laughing

det fikk alle til å le

set somebody over others sette noen over andre, sette noen til å overvåke andre

set somebody to sette noen til, sette noen på

• she set him to the job

hun satte ham på jobben

set something going sette i gang noe

set something in order få orden i noe, fikse noe

set something off against gå opp i opp med, balansere med

set something to (music) sette musikk til noe, tonesette noe

set the ball rolling ( overført) dra i gang noe, begynne med noe få samtalen i gang

set the fox to keep the geese se ➢ fox, 1

set to sette i gang for fullt

• they set to and soon finished the job

de satte i gang for fullt og var snart ferdig med jobben

hugge innpå maten, kaste seg over maten

• they were hungry and at once set to

de var sultne og kastet seg over maten med en gang

sette i gang med å slåss

set together sette sammen

set to work skride til verket, sette i gang sette i gang med å arbeide

set up sette opp, reise, oppføre

• my family set up a fence

familien min satte opp et gjerde

• could you set up the ladder?

kunne du reise stigen?

• they set up a building

de oppførte en bygning

• I saw them set up the tent

jeg så dem slå opp teltet

rigge opp, montere

• my grandma set up her loom

bestemor rigget opp veven sin

• she set up the machine

hun monterte maskinen

gjøre klar, klargjøre heise

• at nine they set up the flag

klokken ni heiser de flagget

opprette, etablere, anlegge

• the family set up a business in town

familien etablerte en forretning i byen

innføre

• the government set up a new system

regjeringen innførte et nytt system

utnevne

• first we should set up a committee

først må vi utnevne en komité fremkalle, forårsake, volde

• being cold may set up an irritation

det å være kald kan fremkalle en irritasjon utstøte, sette i

• he set up a yell

han utstøtte et hyl

• she set up a laugh

hun satte i en latter

• they set up a protest

de protesterte høylytt

gjøre frisk, få på beina

• the sea air will soon set you up again

snart kommer sjøluften til å gjøre deg frisk igjen

( typografi) sette

• the typographer set up an article

typografen satte en artikkel

(hjelpe til å) etablere seg

• she set (herself) up as a doctor

hun etablerte seg som lege

• he set his son up as a bookseller

han hjalp sin sønn å etablere seg som bokhandler bygge, sette opp

(spesielt amer., hverdagslig) sette en felle for

set up a defence ( overført) gå i forsvarsposisjon, forsvare seg

set up a record sette rekord

set up for oneself starte sitt eget, begynne for seg selv

set up house begynne egen husholdning, etablere seg

set upon overfalle, kaste seg over egge, hisse, jage rykke frem, avansere

set up shop åpne forretning

set up the standard of revolt ( overført) heise opprørsfanen

set up to be eller set oneself up as gi seg ut for

• he set himself up as a judge of taste

han opphøyde seg til smaksdommer

set up (in) type ( typografi) sette

be (well) set up with eller (be) (well) set up være velutstyrt med

the stage is set for eller the scene is set for ( overført) alt er klart for, alt er lagt til rette for, det er duket for
III
adj. \/set\/

1) fast(satt), bestemt

• their wages are set

lønnen deres er fast

• is this the set price?

er dette den fastsatte prisen?

• the date is set

datoen er fastsatt

• he follows a set pattern

han følger et bestemt mønster

• she follows set rules

hun følger bestemte regler

2) stiv(net), stereotyp, ubevegelig

• she had a set smile

hun hadde et stivt smil

• did you notice his set look?

la du merke til hans ubevegelige ansiktsuttrykk?

3) bestemt, fast, ubevegelig

• he is a man of set opinions

han er en mann med meget bestemte meninger

• she has become set in a fixed mould

(overført) hun har stivnet i en viss form

4) beliggende, som ligger

• he's from the town set on the hill

han er fra byen som ligger på åsen

5) ( hverdagslig) klar, ferdig

all set alt (er klappet og) klart

• are we all set?

er vi klare?

at a set time på et bestemt tidspunkt

be set in one's way være lite fleksibel, ha inngrodde vaner, ha faste vaner

• he is very set in his ways

han har meget faste vaner

be (dead) set (up)on something ( hverdagslig) være oppsatt på noe

• he is dead set on having the job

han er oppsatt på å få jobben

( hverdagslig) ha slått inn på

• he is dead set on a dangerous course

han har slått inn på en farlig vei

get set! ( sport) (klar) ferdig!

• on your marks! get ready! get set! go!

innta plassene! klar! ferdig! gå!

in (good) set terms i klare ord, utvetydig

set fair (britisk, om vær) pent (uten tegn til å slå om)

a set speech en på forhånd utarbeidet tale en typisk tale

English-Norwegian dictionary > set
7 set

I [set] n
1. 1) комплект, набор; коллекция

in sets - в комплектах, в наборах

a set of surgical instruments [of weights] - набор хирургических инструментов [гирь]

a set of exchange - ком. комплект экземпляров переводного векселя

a set of chessmen - шахматы

a set of stamps - комплект марок

a set of teeth - а) зубы, ряд зубов; б) вставные зубы, вставная челюсть

a set of sails - мор. комплект парусов

well-chosen [valuable] set - хорошо подобранная [ценная] коллекция

they are sold in sets of five - они продаются по пяти штук

2) сервиз

a set of china - фарфоровый сервиз

a fine set of silver plate - прекрасный серебряный (столовый) сервиз

3) гарнитур

a set of furniture - гарнитур мебели

4) прибор

toilet /dressing-table/ set - туалетный прибор

writing /desk/ set - письменный прибор

razor set - бритвенный прибор

5) (полный) комплект издания

a set of Pravda - комплект «Правды»

a set of Dickens - (полное) собрание сочинений Диккенса

2. 1) серия, ряд

a set of houses - ряд домов

a set of lectures - цикл лекций

a set of rules - список правил

a (special) set of circumstances - (особое) стечение обстоятельств

a set of assumptions - ряд допущений /предположений/

a set of questions - ряд вопросов

2) совокупность

a set of observations - совокупность наблюдений

3. 1) группа ( лиц); состав

a set of men - группа людей

a poor set of players - плохая команда, плохие игроки

four sets of dancers /partners/ - четыре пары танцоров

a new set of customers - новый круг покупателей /клиентов/

2) набор, состав (учащихся, студентов и т. п.)

a very satisfactory set of new girls - хороший новый состав учениц

3) компания, круг

the political [the literary] set - политические [литературные] круги

the smart /the fashionable/ set - а) законодатели мод; б) фешенебельное общество

gambling set - картёжники, завсегдатаи игорных домов

they have got into a bad set - они попали в плохую компанию

he belonged to the best set in the college - в колледже он принадлежал к числу избранных

he is not in their set, he does not belong to their set - он не принадлежит к их кругу [см. тж. 4)]

4) банда, шайка

a set of hooligans - банда хулиганов

a set of thieves - шайка воров

he is not in their set, he does not belong to their set - он не из их шайки [см. тж. 3)]

4. 1) театр., кино декорация

set designer - художник по декорациям; художник кинофильма

set dresser - кино декоратор

2) кино съёмочная площадка

on the set - на съёмочной площадке

5. спец. прибор, аппарат; установка, агрегат

6. приёмник

radio set - радиоприёмник

TV set - телевизор

7. фигура ( в танце); последовательность фигур

a set of quadrilles - (все) фигуры кадрили

we danced three or four sets of quadrilles - мы протанцевали три или четыре кадрили

8. завивка и укладка волос

9. сюита духовной музыки (месса и т. п.)

10. редк. меблированная квартира

11. дор. брусчатка, каменная шашка

12. спорт.

1) партия ( часть матча)

2) сет ( теннис)

13. спорт. расстановка игроков

14. геол. свита ( пород)

15. горн. оклад крепи

16. мат. множество

theory of sets - теория множеств

17. мат. семейство ( кривых)

18. полигр. гарнитура шрифта

19. полигр. набор

20. карт. недобор взяток ( бридж)
II
1. [set] n

1. тк. sing общие очертания, линия

the set of the drapery - линия драпировки

the set of his back [of his shoulders] - линия спины [плеч]

the set of the hills - линия /очертание/ гор

I knew him by the set of his hat - я узнал его по манере носить шляпу

2. строение; конфигурация; (тело)сложение

a set of the features - черты лица

the set of smb.'s head - посадка головы

of a manly set - мужественного телосложения

he is of a big and broad set - он крупный и широкоплечий мужчина

3. тк. sing

1) направление

the set of a tide [of a current, of wind] - направление прилива [течения реки, ветра]

2) направленность; тенденция

the set of his mind is towards intolerance - он отличается нетерпимостью

the set of public opinion /of public feeling/ - тенденция общественного мнения

a set towards mathematics - склонность к математике; математический склад ума

3) психол. направленность, установка ( на принятие наркотика)

4) наклон, отклонение

a set to the right - отклонение /наклон/ вправо

4. тк. sing поэт. заход, закат ( солнца)

at the set of sun - на заходе солнца

the set of day - конец дня

at the set of life - на склоне лет

5. музыкальный вечер (особ. джазовой музыки)

6. сад. молодой побег ( растения); завязь ( плода)

a set of blackthorn - побег тёрна

7. с.-х.

1) = set onion

2) посадочный материал (клубни картофеля и т. п.)

8. охот. стойка

9. тех. разводка для пил, развод зубьев пилы, ширина развода

10. стр. осадка ( сооружений)

11. тех. остаточная деформация

12. тех. обжимка, державка

13. полигр. толщина ( литеры)

♢ to be at a dead set - завязнуть, застрять

to make a dead set at smb. - а) обрушиваться /нападать/ на кого-л.; резко критиковать кого-л.; ≅ вцепиться в кого-л. зубами и когтями; б) делать всё возможное, чтобы завоевать кого-л. /завоевать чью-л. любовь, дружбу, доверие и т. п./; в) вешаться кому-л. на шею, навязывать свою любовь, пытаться влюбить в себя (обыкн. о женщине); г) охот. делать стойку ( о собаке)

2. [set] a

1. неподвижный; застывший

set smile - застывшая улыбка

set stare - неподвижный взор

set glassy eyes - остановившиеся стеклянные глаза

with a set face /countenance/ - с каменным лицом

his movements were set - в его движениях чувствовалась скованность

2. 1) определённый, твёрдо установленный, постоянный

set wage - твёрдый оклад, постоянная заработная плата

set price - твёрдая цена

set hand - установившийся почерк

the hall holds a set number of people - зал вмещает определённое количество людей

2) неизменный, постоянный; незыблемый

set pattern - штамп

set programme - постоянная /неизменная/ программа

a very set creed - крайний догматизм

set rules - незыблемые правила

set style - постоянный стиль ( теннис)

to dine at a set hour - обедать в определённые часы /в одно и то же время/ [ср. тж. 4]

to be set in one's ways [ideas] - никогда не изменять своим привычкам [взглядам]

3) шаблонный; стереотипный

set phrase - клише

in set terms /phrases/ - в шаблонных /избитых/ выражениях, казённым /официальным/ языком

3. установленный (законом, традицией)

a set form of oath - установленная форма присяги

4. заранее установленный, оговорённый

set arrangements - заранее обусловленные обязательства

at a set time - в (заранее) назначенное время

at set hours - в установленные часы [ср. тж. 2, 2)]

set subject - обязательная тема (для сочинения и т. п.)

set speech - заранее подготовленная речь

set task - (заранее) определённая задача

everyone has his own set task - каждому дано своё задание

set visit - визит ( официального лица) по предварительной договорённости

5. упрямый, настойчивый; упорный

set defiance - упорное неповиновение

set rains - непрекращающиеся /упорные/ дожди

set mouth - упрямо сжатый рот

a man of set opinions - человек, упорно придерживающийся /не меняющий/ своих взглядов

his jaw looked too square and set - ≅ его лицо выражало упрямство

6. умышленный, преднамеренный

of set purpose - с умыслом

on set purpose - уст. нарочно

7. разг. готовый, горящий желанием (сделать что-л.)

all set - шутл. ≅ в полной боевой готовности

all set to do smth. - горящий желанием сделать что-л.

we were set for an early morning start - мы подготовились к тому, чтобы выступить рано утром

is everyone set? - все готовы?

8. встроенный, прикреплённый

♢ set affair - вечеринка с очень хорошим угощением

set dinner - а) званый обед; б) обед за общим столом ( в ресторане); в) общий обед, не включающий порционные блюда ( в ресторане)

to be keen set on - страстно желать (чего-л.)

to be hard set - находиться в затруднительном положении /в стеснённых обстоятельствах/

to be hard set for money - крайне нуждаться в деньгах

to be sharp set - быть голодным, проголодаться

to get set - толстеть, терять стройность

3. [set] v (set)

I

1. 1) ставить, помещать, класть; положить, поставить

to set a cup [a glass, a dish] (down) on the table - (по)ставить чашку [стакан, блюдо] на стол

to set the suitcase down - опустить чемодан (на землю)

to set smth. in its place again - поставить /положить/ что-л. на своё место

to set the books back - положить книги на место

to set a chair at /by/ the table - поставить стул около стола /к столу/

to set chairs for visitors - (по)ставить /расставить/ стулья для гостей

to set flowers in water - (по)ставить цветы в воду

to set one's hand on smb.'s shoulder - класть /положить/ руку на чьё-л. плечо

to set a trap /snare/ - поставить силки

to set poison for rats - положить отраву для крыс

to set an ambush - воен. устроить засаду

to set a crown on smb.'s head - возложить корону на чью-л. голову

to set smb. on a pedestal - возвести кого-л. на пьедестал

he took off his hat and set it on the floor - он снял шляпу и положил её на пол

2) ставить на какое-л. место; придавать ( то или иное) значение

to set Vergil before Homer - ставить /считать/ Вергилия выше Гомера

to set smb. among the great writers - считать кого-л. одним из великих писателей

to set smb., smth. at naught - а) ни во что не ставить, презирать кого-л., что-л.; to set smb.'s good advice at naught - пренебречь чьим-л. разумным советом; б) издеваться над кем-л., чем-л.

to set much /a great deal/ on smth. - придавать чему-л. большое значение

he sets a great deal by daily exercise - он придаёт большое значение ежедневным упражнениям

to set little on smth. - придавать чему-л. мало значения

I don't set myself up to be better than you - я не считаю себя лучше /выше/ вас

2. обыкн. pass помещаться, располагаться

a house set in a beautiful garden - дом, стоящий в прекрасном саду

a little town set north of London - маленький городок, расположенный к северу от Лондона

a little door set in a wall - маленькая дверь в стене

blue eyes set deep in a white face - голубые, глубоко посаженные глаза на бледном лице

the second act is set in a street - место действия второго акта - улица

the pudding sets heavily on the stomach - пудинг тяжело ложится на желудок

3. сажать, усаживать

to set smb. by the fire - усадить кого-л. у камина /у костра/

to set smb. on horseback - посадить кого-л. на лошадь

to set a king on a throne - посадить /возвести/ короля на трон

4. насаживать, надевать

to set the wheel on the axle - насадить колесо на ось

to set a butterfly - наколоть бабочку на булавку

5. (in) вставлять

to set glass in a window - вставлять стекло (в окно)

to set one's foot in the stirrup - вложить ногу в стремя

6. 1) направлять; поворачивать

to set one's face towards the sun - повернуться лицом к солнцу

to set a map - ориентировать карту

to set against the wind - идти против ветра

to set smb. on the right [wrong] track - направить кого-л. по правильному [ложному] следу

to set the police after a criminal - направить полицию по следам преступника

2) иметь ( то или иное) направление, ( ту или иную) тенденцию

public opinion is setting with [against] him - общественное мнение за [против] него, общественное мнение складывается в [не в] его пользу

7. подготавливать; снаряжать; приводить в состояние готовности

to set a palette - подготовить палитру

to set a piano - настроить пианино

to set the sails (of a ship) - ставить паруса (корабля)

to set the scene - описать (в общих чертах) обстановку /положение/

to set the stage - а) расставлять декорации; б) (под)готовить почву (для чего-л.)

to set the stage for the application of a new method of therapy - подготовить почву для нового метода лечения

to be set for smth. - быть готовым к чему-л.

it was all set now - теперь всё было готово /подготовлено/

it /the stage/ was all set for a first-class row - всё предвещало первостатейный скандал

I was all set for the talk - я готовился к этому разговору; я знал, что меня ждёт /мне предстоит/ этот разговор

he was all set for a brilliant career - перед ним открывалась блестящая карьера, его ждала блестящая карьера

set! - спорт. внимание!, приготовиться!

8. устанавливать, определять, назначать

to set standards - устанавливать нормы

to set requirements - определять требования

to set a limit /boundary/ - устанавливать границы /пределы/

to set a limit to smth. - установить предел чему-л., пресечь что-л.

to set bounds to smth. - ограничивать что-л.

to set the pace - а) устанавливать скорость шага /бега/; б) служить образцом, примером; [см. тж. 10]

to set a precedent - создавать прецедент

to set the style /tone/ - задавать тон

to set the course - спорт. измерить дистанцию

to set a course on a chart - назначить курс корабля по карте

to set a time [a date] - назначить время [дату]

to set a wedding day - назначать день свадьбы

to set a price - назначать цену

to set a price on smb.'s head /on smb.'s life/ - оценивать чью-л. голову /жизнь/, назначать сумму вознаграждения за поимку кого-л.

to set a fine - установить сумму штрафа

he sets no limit to his ambitions - его честолюбие безгранично /не знает пределов/

the time and date of the meeting have not yet been set - время и день собрания ещё не назначены

then it's all set for Thursday at my place - значит решено - в четверг у меня

9. 1) диал., часто ирон. идти, быть к лицу

do you think this bonnet sets me? - как вы думаете, идёт мне эта шляпка?

2) редк. сидеть ( о платье)

to set well /badly/ - хорошо [плохо] сидеть (на ком-л.)

the jacket sets badly - жакет плохо сидит

10. тех. устанавливать, регулировать

to set a tool - устанавливать резец

to set the camera lens to infinity - фото устанавливать объектив на бесконечность

to set the spark-gap - авт. отрегулировать искровой промежуток

to set the pace - регулировать скорость [см. тж. 8]

11. мор. пеленговать

12. стр. производить кладку

II А

1. садиться, заходить ( о небесных светилах)

the sun is setting - солнце заходит

his star has /is/ set - образн. его звезда закатилась

the glory of Troy had set - слава Трои померкла

2. ставить (стрелку, часы и т. п.)

to set a clock /a watch/, to set the hands of a clock - (по)ставить часы (правильно)

to set one's watch by the town clock [by the time-signal] - ставить свои часы по городским [по сигналу поверки времени]

to set an alarm-clock - поставить /завести/ будильник

to set a thermostat at seventy - поставить стрелку термостата на семьдесят

to set the speedometer to zero - авт. установить спидометр на нуль

I want you to set your watch by mine - я хочу, чтобы вы поставили свои часы по моим

3. 1) ставить (задачи, цели и т. п.)

to set a goal - поставить цель

to set a task - поставить задачу

to set oneself an ideal - создавать себе идеал

2) задавать (уроки, вопросы и т. п.)

to set a sum - задать задачу

to set the lessons for tomorrow - задать уроки на завтра

the teacher set his boys a difficult problem - учитель задал ученикам трудную задачу

what questions were set in the examination? - какие вопросы задавали на экзамене?

4. подавать ( пример)

to set good [bad] examples - подавать хорошие [дурные] примеры

he has set a good example for me to follow - он подаёт мне хороший пример

5. 1) вводить ( моду)

to set the fashion - быть законодателем мод

2) вводить, внедрять (модель и т. п.)

to set a new model - внедрять новую модель /-ый образец/

6. 1) стискивать, сжимать (зубы, губы)

to set one's teeth - а) стискивать зубы

he set his teeth doggedly [hard] - он упрямо [крепко] стиснул зубы; б) принять твёрдое решение; упрямо стоять на своём, заупрямиться

with jaws set in an effort to control himself - стиснув зубы, он пытался овладеть собой

his lips were firmly set - губы его были плотно сжаты

2) сжиматься (о губах, зубах)

his lips set stubbornly - его губы упрямо сжались

7. застывать, становиться неподвижным (о лице, глазах и т. п.)

his face set - его лицо окаменело

he was sitting there his face set - он сидел с каменным лицом

8. 1) твердеть ( о гипсе)

2) стр. схватываться (о цементе, бетоне)

the mortar joining these bricks hasn't set yet - известковый раствор, скрепляющий эти кирпичи, ещё не затвердел

3) застывать (о желе, креме)

the jelly has set - желе застыло

4) заставлять твердеть или застывать (известь и т. п.)

9. 1) загустеть; свёртываться (о крови, белке); створаживаться ( о молоке)

2) сгущать (кровь и т. п.); створаживать ( молоко)

10. 1) оформиться, сформироваться (о фигуре, характере)

his mind and character are completely set - у него зрелый ум и вполне сложившийся характер

her figure is hardly set yet - у неё ещё не оформилась фигура

2) формировать (характер и т. п.); развивать ( мускулатуру)

too much exercise sets a boy's muscles prematurely - от чрезмерного увлечения гимнастикой мускулы подростка развиваются слишком быстро ( опережая рост)

11. ставить ( рекорд)

he set a record for the half mile - он установил рекорд (в беге) на полмили

12. накрывать ( на стол)

he quickly set the table (for three) - он быстро накрыл стол (на три персоны)

the table was set for dinner - стол был накрыт к обеду

the hostess ordered to have a place set for the guest - хозяйка распорядилась поставить прибор для (нового) гостя

13. 1) вправлять (кости, суставы)

to set a bone - вправить кость

to set a broken leg [arm, a dislocated joint] - вправить ногу [руку, вывихнутый сустав]

2) срастаться ( о кости)

14. вставлять в оправу ( драгоценные камни)

to set diamonds - вставлять в оправу /оправлять/ бриллианты

a ring set with rubies - кольцо с рубинами

a ruby set in gold - рубин в золотой оправе

15. приводить в порядок, поправлять (шляпу, платок, галстук, волосы)

to set one's cap - поправить кепку

set your hat straight - поправьте вашу шляпу

16. укладывать ( волосы); сделать укладку

to set one's hair - делать причёску, укладывать волосы

17. 1) положить ( слова на музыку или музыку на слова)

to set a song to music - класть песню на музыку

to set music to words - писать музыку на слова

2) муз. аранжировать

to set a piece of music for the violin - переложить музыкальную пьесу для скрипки

to set a melody half a tone higher - транспонировать мелодию на полтона выше

18. подавать ( сигнал)

19. точить (нож, бритву и т. п.)

to set a razor - править бритву

to set a saw - разводить пилу

20. выставлять (часовых и т. п.)

to set the guard - воен. выставлять караул

to set guards [sentries, watches] - расставить караульных [часовых, стражу]

to set a guard at the door - ставить часового у двери

to set pickets around the camp - выставить дозорных вокруг лагеря

21. высаживать (на берег, остров и т. п.; тж. set ashore)

to set smb., smth. ashore - а) высаживать кого-л. на берег; б) выгружать что-л. на берег

to set troops on shore - высаживать войска на берег

22. возлагать ( надежды)

to set one's hopes on smb. - возлагать надежды на кого-л.

23. накладывать (запрет, наказание и т. п.)

to set a veto on smth. - наложить запрет на что-л.

to set a punishment [a fine] - накладывать взыскание [штраф]

24. ставить, прикладывать ( печать)

to set a seal - а) поставить печать; б) наложить отпечаток

it set a seal on all his life - это наложило отпечаток на всю его жизнь

25. сажать (растения, семена)

to set seed [plants, fruit-trees] - сажать семена [растения, фруктовые деревья]

the young plants should be set (out) at intervals of six inches - молодые растения следует высаживать на расстоянии шести дюймов друг от друга

26. 1) приниматься ( о деревьях)

2) бот. завязываться, образовывать завязи (о плодах, цветах)

fruit sets - плоды завязываются

27. разрабатывать, составлять ( экзаменационные материалы)

they had to set fresh papers - им пришлось составлять новую письменную работу

to set an examination paper - составлять письменную экзаменационную работу

to set questions in an examination - составлять вопросы для экзаменационной работы

to set a book - включить какую-л. книгу в учебную программу

28. 1) определиться (о направлении ветра, течения и т. п.)

the tide sets to the west - течение идёт на запад

the wind sets from the south - ветер дует с юга

the tide has set in his favour - его акции поднимаются

2) заставлять двигаться (в каком-л. направлении)

the current set them northward - течение понесло их на север

29. делать стойку ( об охотничьих собаках)

30. 1) сажать ( наседку на яйца)

2) подкладывать ( яйца под наседку)

31. сажать в печь ( хлебные изделия)

32. редк. устанавливаться ( о погоде)

33. спец. растягивать ( кожу)

34. закрепить ( краску)

35. полигр. набирать ( шрифт; тж. set up)

to set close [wide] - набирать плотно [свободно]

the editorial was set in boldface type - передовая была набрана жирным шрифтом

36. налаживать ( станок)

37. тех. осаживать ( заклёпку)

38. школ. распределять учеников по параллельным классам или группам в зависимости от способностей

II Б

1. 1) to set about ( doing) smth. приниматься за что-л., начинать делать что-л., приступать к чему-л.

to set about one's work - взяться /приняться/ за работу

to set about one's packing [getting dinner ready] - начинать упаковывать вещи [готовить обед]

to set about stamp-collecting [learning the German language] - взяться за собирание марок [изучение немецкого языка]

I don't know how to set about it - я не знаю, как взяться за это дело /как подступиться к этому/

2) to set smb. about ( doing) smth. засадить кого-л. за какую-л. работу, заставить кого-л. приняться за что-л., начать что-л.

to set smb. about a task - заставить кого-л. приступить к выполнению задания

2. 1) to set to do /doing/ smth. приниматься за что-л., начинать делать что-л.

to set to work - приступить к работе, приниматься за работу

to set to one's packing - приниматься за укладку вещей

they set to fighting [arguing] - они стали драться [спорить]

I set to work to wake up the boys - я принялся будить мальчиков

2) to set smb. (on) to (do) smth. заставить кого-л. приняться за что-л.; поставить кого-л. на какую-л. работу

to set smb. to work [to dictation] - усадить кого-л. за работу [за диктант]

to set smb. to saw wood [to dig a field] - заставить кого-л. пилить дрова [вскапывать поле]

to set the class to sums - дать классу (решать) задачи

who(m) did you set to do this? - кому вы поручили сделать это?

she would do what she was set to do with great thoroughness - она тщательно выполняла то, что ей поручали

3. to set oneself to smth., to set oneself to do /doing/ smth. энергично взяться за что-л.; твёрдо решить сделать что-л.

he set himself to study biology - он принялся упорно изучать биологию

he set himself to amusing me - он старался изо всех сил развлечь меня

she set herself to put him at his ease - она делала всё возможное, чтобы он чувствовал себя свободно

it is no pleasant task but let us set ourselves to it - это не очень приятное задание, но давайте приступим к его выполнению

4. 1) to be set to do smth. быть готовым что-л. сделать

we are all set to go - мы уже готовы (идти)

he was (all) set to go when I came - он уже был (совсем) готов (идти), когда я пришёл

2) to be set on doing smth. твёрдо решить сделать что-л.

we're absolutely all set on going there - мы твёрдо решили пойти туда

she was set on going on the stage - она твёрдо решила пойти на сцену

Bill was set on finding him - Билл поставил себе целью отыскать его

5. to be set (up) on smth. очень хотеть чего-л.; поставить себе целью добиться чего-л.

to be dead set on smth. - упорно /страстно/ желать чего-л.

we didn't much like the idea of his going back to New York but he was set on it - мы не очень одобряли его план вернуться в Нью-Йорк, но он твёрдо решил сделать это

6. to be set against ( doing) smth., to set oneself against ( doing) smth. быть категорически против чего-л., противиться чему-л.

he set himself against my proposal - он заупрямился и отказался принять моё предложение

the mother was violently set against the match - мать была категорически против этого брака

he (himself) was set against going there - он (сам) упорно отказывался идти туда

7. 1) to set about /at, (up)on/ smb. нападать, напускаться на кого-л.

to set upon smb. with blows - наброситься на кого-л. с кулаками

to set upon smb. with arguments - атаковать кого-л. доводами

they set upon me like a pack of dogs - они набросились на меня, как свора собак

they set about each other at once - они сразу же начали драться

I'd set about you myself if I could - если бы я мог, я бы сам отколотил тебя

2) to set smb. at /on, against/ smb. натравить, напустить кого-л. на кого-л.

to set the dog on /at/ smb. - натравить на кого-л. собаку

to set detectives on smb. /on smb.'s tracks/ - установить за кем-л. слежку

to set a friend against friend - поссорить друзей

he is trying to set you against me - он старается восстановить вас против меня

he has set everyone against me - он всех восстановил против меня

3) to set smb. on to do smth. подбить (на что-л.); подтолкнуть (к чему-л.)

to set smb. on to commit a crime - толкнуть кого-л. на преступление

8. to set smth. against smth. книжн.

1) противопоставлять что-л. чему-л., сравнивать что-л. с чем-л.

when theory is set against practice - когда теорию противопоставляют практике

when we set one language against another - когда мы сравниваем один язык с другим

against the cost of a new car, you can set the considerable saving on repairs and servicing - покупка нового автомобиля стоит денег, но, с другой стороны, это даёт экономию на ремонте и обслуживании

2) опираться чем-л. обо что-л., упираться

he set a hand against the door and shoved it - он упёрся рукой в дверь и толкнул её

9. to set smb. (up) over smb. возвысить кого-л., дать кому-л. власть над кем-л.

to set smb. (up) over a people - посадить кого-л. на трон, сделать кого-л. королём, дать кому-л. власть над народом

he was set up over his rivals - его ставили выше соперников

10. to set oneself down as smb.

1) выдавать себя за кого-л.

2) зарегистрироваться, записаться ( в гостинице)

11. to set smb. down for smb. принимать кого-л. за кого-л.

to set smb. down for an actor - принять кого-л. за актёра

he set her down for forty - он считал, что ей лет сорок

12. to set up for smth. выдавать себя за кого-л.

to set up for a professional [for a scholar] - выдавать себя за профессионала [за учёного]

to set oneself up for an atheist - объявлять себя атеистом

don't set up for a scientist - я не претендую на большую учёность

I don't set up for an angel - я не причисляю себя к святым

13. to set smth. in motion привести что-л. в движение

to set a chain reaction in motion - физ. привести в действие цепную реакцию

14. to set smth. with smth.

1) осыпать, усеивать что-л. чем-л.; украшать что-л. чем-л.

to set the top of wall with broken glass - утыкать верхнюю часть стены битым стеклом

tables set with flowers - столы, украшенные цветами

the sky set with stars - небо, усеянное звёздами

a coast set with modern resorts - побережье со множеством современных курортов

2) засевать что-л. чем-л.

to set a bed with flowers - засадить клумбу цветами

15. to be set to smth. иметь склонность к чему-л.

a soul that is set to melancholy - душа, склонная к печали

16. to set smth. to smth. подносить, прикладывать, приставлять что-л. к чему-л.; приближать что-л. к чему-л.

to set a match [a lighter] to a cigarette - поднести спичку [зажигалку] к сигарете

to set one's lips to a glass, to set a glass to one's lips - поднести стакан ко рту

to set one's shoulder to the door - налечь плечом на дверь

to set one's hand /one's name, one's signature, one's seal/ to a document - подписать документ

to set pen to paper - взяться за перо, начать писать

to set spurs to a horse - пришпорить лошадь

17. to set smth. apart /aside/ for smb., smth. отводить, предназначать, откладывать что-л. для кого-л., чего-л.

to set apart funds for some purpose - выделять фонды для какой-л. цели

to set some food apart for further use - откладывать часть продуктов на будущее

I shall set these books apart (for you) - я отложу эти книги (для вас)

the rooms set apart for the children were large and beautiful - комнаты, отведённые для детей, были просторны и красивы

18. to set smth. before smb. излагать что-л. кому-л.

to set a plan [facts] before smb. - излагать /представлять на рассмотрение/ кому-л. план [факты]

he set his plan before the council - он изложил /представил/ совету свой план

III А

1. в сочетании с последующим прилагательным, наречием или предложным оборотом означает приведение в какое-л. состояние:

to set free - освободить

to set a prisoner free /at liberty/ - освободить арестованного

to set the dog loose - спустить собаку

to set the window open - открыть окно

to set afloat - а) мор. спускать на воду; б) приводить в движение; дать (чему-л.) ход

to set a rumour afloat - пустить слух

to set afloat the latent fears - разбудить дремлющие страхи

anger set afloat all his inner grievances - гнев всколыхнул затаённые обиды

to set smb. wrong - вводить кого-л. в заблуждение

he set me at ease at once - мне сразу стало с ним легко

set your mind at ease! - не беспокойтесь!

to set smb.'s mind at rest - успокоить кого-л.

to set one's mind at rest - успокоиться

to set a question /affair/ at rest - разрешить какой-л. вопрос, покончить с каким-л. вопросом

that sets all my doubts at rest - это разрешает все мои сомнения

to set smb.'s fears at rest - рассеять чьи-л. опасения

to set smb.'s curiosity agog - возбудить /вызвать/ чьё-л. любопытство

to set smb. on the alert - заставить кого-л. насторожиться

to set at ready - воен. приводить в готовность

to set one's affairs [papers, room] in order - приводить свои дела [бумаги, комнату] в порядок

2. в сочетании с герундием или предложным оборотом означает

1) приведение в движение:

to set going - а) запускать (машину и т. п.); to set machinery going - приводить в действие механизм; б) пускать в ход, в действие

we must set things going - нужно начинать действовать

to set on foot = to set going б)

to set a top spinning - (за)пустить волчок

2) побуждение к какому-л. действию:

to set smb. laughing [in a roar] - рассмешить, заставить кого-л. смеяться [покатиться со смеху]

to set the company laughing - вызвать всеобщий смех

his jokes set the whole room [the table] laughing - все, кто был в комнате [кто сидел за столом], до упаду смеялись над его шутками

to set smb. (off) thinking, to set smb. to thinking - заставить кого-л. призадуматься

to set smb. wondering - вызывать у кого-л. удивление

to set smb. flying - обратить кого-л. в бегство

to set one's heart beating - заставить сердце забиться

to set tongues wagging - вызывать толки, давать пищу для сплетен

this incident set everybody's tongue wagging - этот инцидент наделал много шуму

the smoke set her coughing - от дыма она начала кашлять

to set the company talking - а) развязать языки; б) дать пищу злым языкам

I set him talking about the new discovery - я навёл его на разговор о новом открытии

to set bells ringing - зазвонить в колокола

♢

to set foot somewhere - ходить куда-л., появляться где-л.

he was forbidden to set foot there - ему запретили туда ходить

not to set foot in smb.'s house - не переступать порога чьего-л. дома

to set foot on shore - ступить на землю /на берег/

to set one's feet on the path - пуститься в путь /дорогу/

to set one's heart on smth. - стремиться к чему-л., страстно желать чего-л.

to set one's heart on doing smth. - стремиться сделать что-л.

he set his heart on going to the South - он очень хотел /твёрдо решил/ поехать на юг

he has set his heart on seeing Moscow - его заветной мечтой было повидать Москву

why should it be that man she has set her heart upon? - почему она полюбила именно этого человека?

to set one's wits to smb.'s (wits) - поспорить /помериться силами/ с кем-л.

to set one's wits to smth. - пытаться (раз)решить что-л.; ≅ шевелить мозгами

to set one's wits to work - ломать себе голову над чем-л.

to set people by the ears /at variance, at loggerheads/ - ссорить, натравливать людей друг на друга

he likes to set people by the ears - он любит ссорить людей между собой

to set (one's life) on a chance - ставить (жизнь) на карту

to set the axe to - приниматься за уничтожение (чего-л.)

to set smth. on fire, to set fire /a light/ to smth. - сжечь /поджечь, зажечь/ что-л.

to have smb. set - схватить кого-л. за горло, прижать кого-л. к стенке

to set the law [smb.] at defiance - бросать вызов закону [кому-л.]

the scene was set for the tragedy - всё предвещало трагедию

НБАРС > set
8 первичное отторжение

Immunology: first-set reaction (трансплантата), first-set rejection

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > первичное отторжение
9 первичный иммунный ответ

1) Biology: nonboosted response

2) Immunology: first-set reaction, first-set response, primary response

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > первичный иммунный ответ
10 mouvement

mouvement [muvmɑ̃]

masculine noun

   a. movement

• mouvements de gymnastique physical exercises

• il approuva d'un mouvement de tête he gave a nod of approval

• elle refusa d'un mouvement de tête she shook her head in refusal

• elle eut un mouvement de recul she started back

• faire un mouvement to move

• elle ne pouvait plus faire le moindre mouvement she could no longer move at all

• suivre le mouvement to follow the crowd

• presser le mouvement to step up the pace

• le mouvement perpétuel perpetual motion

• mouvement de foule movement in the crowd

• mouvements de population shifts in population

• d'importants mouvements de troupes à la frontière large-scale troop movements along the border

• mouvement politique political movement

• le mouvement ouvrier the labour movement

• Mouvement de libération de la femme Women's Liberation Movement

• mouvement de grève strike action uncount

• mouvement de protestation protest movement

► en mouvement

• être sans cesse en mouvement to be constantly on the move

• mettre qch en mouvement to set sth in motion

• se mettre en mouvement to set off

   b. ( = impulsion, réaction) dans un mouvement de colère in a fit of anger

• des mouvements dans l'auditoire a stir in the audience

• allons, un bon mouvement ! come on, just a small gesture!

   c. ( = activité) une rue pleine de mouvement a busy street

• il aime le mouvement ( = il est dynamique) he likes to be on the go

• il n'y a pas beaucoup de mouvement le dimanche not much happens on Sundays

   d. ( = évolution) un parti du mouvement a party in favour of change

• être dans le mouvement to keep up-to-date

• un mouvement d'opinion a trend of opinion

* * *
muvmɑ̃
nom masculin

1) ( geste) movement

faire un mouvement — to move, to make a move

tu es libre de tes mouvements — you can come and go as you please; faux I

2) ( déplacement) movement, motion

le mouvement des vagues — the movement of the waves

mouvement perpétuel — perpetual motion

le mouvement de personnel dans une entreprise — staff changes in a company

mouvement de retraite — withdrawal

accélérer le mouvement — to speed up

ralentir le mouvement — to slow down

se mettre en mouvement — [troupe] to start moving; [machine] to start up

mettre quelque chose en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à quelque chose — to set something in motion

3) ( animation) bustle

il y a du mouvement dans la rue — there's a lot of bustle in the street

une rue pleine de mouvement — a busy street

suivre le mouvement — fig to follow the crowd

4) ( élan) impulse, reaction

mon premier mouvement a été de me mettre en colère — my initial reaction ou my first impulse was to get angry

dans un mouvement de générosité — on a generous impulse

un mouvement de colère/pitié — a surge of anger/pity

un mouvement de panique — a panic reaction

un bon mouvement — a kind ou nice gesture

agir de son propre mouvement — to act of one's own accord

5) ( action collective) movement

le mouvement étudiant — the student protest movement

mouvement surréaliste — surrealist movement

mouvement de grève — strike

6) ( évolution)

le mouvement des idées — the evolution of ideas

être dans le mouvement — to move with the times

un milieu en mouvement — a changing environment

7) Économie, Finance ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend

le mouvement du marché — market fluctuations

mouvement de hausse — upward trend (de in)

un mouvement de reprise — a movement toward(s) recovery

mouvements financiers — financial transactions

mouvement de fonds — movement of funds

8) (de poème, d'œuvre musicale) movement

9) ( d'horloge) movement

mouvement d'horlogerie — clockwork mechanism

* * *
muvmɑ̃ nm
1) (= déplacement) [corps] movement

en mouvement — in motion

mettre qch en mouvement — to set sth in motion

le mouvement perpétuel — perpetual motion

2) [panique, recul] reaction

dans un mouvement de colère — in a fit of anger

3) (syndical, politique, artistique) movement

mouvement de grève — industrial action, strike

4) (= tumulte, agitation) activity, bustle

5) fig (impression de fluidité) movement

6) MUSIQUE (= rythme) tempo, (partie de morceau) movement

7) (= mécanisme d'horloge) movement

* * *

mouvement nm

1 ( geste) movement; faire un mouvement to move, to make a move; il fit un mouvement pour se dégager he made a move to break away; je ne peux pas faire un seul mouvement I can't move at all; tu es libre de tes mouvements you can come and go as you please; mouvement de danse dance movement; mouvement de gymnastique gymnastic exercise; apprendre les mouvements du crawl to learn stroke for the front crawl; avoir un mouvement d'humeur to show a flash of annoyance; ⇒ faux;

2 ( déplacement) gén movement; Phys movement, motion; le mouvement des vagues the movement of the waves; mouvements sismiques seismic movements; mouvement de reflux backward movement; le mouvement des bateaux à l'entrée du port the movement of ships at the entrance to a port; le mouvement de personnel dans une entreprise staff changes in a company; mouvement de retraite withdrawal; accélérer le mouvement to speed up; ralentir le mouvement to slow down; se mettre en mouvement to get moving; mouvement ondulatoire or périodique wave motion; mouvement hélicoïdal/ascendant/absolu/fixe helical/upward/absolute/relative motion; mouvement perpétuel perpetual motion; le mouvement d'un pendule the movement ou swing of a pendulum; la toupie décrit un mouvement de rotation the top describes a rotary motion; mettre qch en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à qch to set sth in motion;

3 ( animation) bustle; il y a du mouvement dans la rue there's a lot of bustle in the street; toute la maison était en mouvement the whole household was bustling about ou bustling with activity; une rue pleine de mouvement a busy street; suivre le mouvement fig to follow the crowd;

4 ( élan) impulse, reaction; mon premier mouvement a été de me mettre en colère my initial reaction ou my first impulse was to get angry; dans un mouvement de générosité on a generous impulse; un mouvement de colère/pitié a surge of anger/pity; un mouvement de panique a panic reaction; un bon mouvement a kind ou nice gesture; fais un bon mouvement, donne-moi 10 euros do me a good turn and give me 10 euros; agir de son propre mouvement to act of one's own accord; un mouvement général de rejet a generally hostile reaction; un mouvement de masse a mass movement;

5 (pour contester, revendiquer) action; le mouvement étudiant the student protest movement; mouvement de contestation protest action; mouvement de grève strike, industrial action ¢; mouvement de rébellion rebel movement;

6 ( groupe) movement, group; mouvement de jeunesse youth movement; mouvement de protection/défense de movement for the protection/defence^GB of;

7 ( évolution) le mouvement des idées the evolution of ideas; être dans le mouvement to move with the times; vivre dans un milieu en mouvement to live in a changing environment; mouvement de décentralisation/démocratisation trend toward(s) decentralization/democratization; mouvement de création d'emploi trend toward(s) job creation;

8 Écon, Fin ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend; le mouvement du marché market fluctuations (pl); mouvement de hausse/de baisse upward/downward trend (de in); un mouvement de reprise a movement toward(s) recovery; mouvements financiers financial transactions; mouvement de capitaux movement ou flow of capital; mouvement d'un compte turnover on an account; mouvement de fonds movement of funds;

9 Littérat (de récit, poème) movement;

10 Mus ( partie d'une œuvre) movement;

11 Mécan (de montre, d'horloge) movement; mouvement d'horlogerie commandant un contact électrique clockwork mechanism controlling an electrical contact.

[muvmɑ̃] nom masculin

1. [geste] movement

un mouvement de tête

a. [affirmatif] a nod

b. [négatif] a shake of the head

un léger mouvement de surprise a start of surprise

avoir un mouvement de recul to start (back)

faire des mouvements de gymnastique to do some exercises

il y eut un mouvement dans la foule à l'arrivée du président a ripple ran through the crowd when the President arrived

faire un faux mouvement to pull something

2. [impulsion]

mouvement de colère fit ou burst of anger

avoir un bon mouvement to make a nice gesture

les mouvements du cœur/de l'âme (littéraire) the impulses of the heart/of the soul

3. [déplacement - d'un astre, d'un pendule] movement ; [ - de personnes] movement

PHYSIQUE motion

mouvements de capitaux ou de fonds movement of capital

mouvement de personnel ADMINISTRATION staff transfer ou changes

mouvement de repli withdrawal

mouvements de marchandises movement of goods

mouvements de troupes troop movements

il y eut un mouvement de foule the crowd surged forward

4. [évolution - des prix, des taux] trend, movement ; [ - du marché] fluctuation

mouvement en baisse/en hausse downward/upward trend

le mouvement des idées the evolution of ideas

mouvement de la population SOCIOLOGIE demographic changes

5. POLITIQUE [action collective] movement

mouvement de contestation protest movement

mouvement social industrial action

mouvement de grève strike (movement)

le mouvement syndical the trade-union (UK) ou labor-union (US) movement

Mouvement de libération de la femme Women's Liberation Movement

6. [animation - d'un quartier] bustle, liveliness ; [ - dans un aéroport, un port] movement

eh bien, il y a du mouvement chez vous! it's all go at your place!

7. GÉOGRAPHIE

mouvements sismiques seismic movements

mouvement de terrain undulation

8. [impression de vie - d'une peinture, d'une sculpture] movement ; [ - d'un vers] flow, movement ; [ - d'une robe] drape ; [ - d'un paysage] undulations

9. MUSIQUE [rythme] tempo

mouvement perpétuel moto perpetuo, perpetuum mobile

[section d'un morceau] movement

10. [mécanisme] movement

mouvement d'horlogerie movement, mechanism (of a clock or watch)

————————

en mouvement locution adjectivale

[athlète] moving, in motion

[population, troupes] on the move

————————

en mouvement locution adverbiale

mettre un mécanisme en mouvement to set a mechanism going ou in motion

le balancier se mit en mouvement the pendulum started moving

le cortège se mit en mouvement the procession started ou set off

————————

sans mouvement locution adjectivale

[personne] inert

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mouvement
11 provocar

v.

1 to provoke.

El golpe provocó su muerte The blow brought about her death.

Sus comentarios provocaron al borracho His comments provoked the drunk.

2 to cause, to bring about (causar) (accidente, muerte).

provocar las iras de alguien to anger somebody

provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh

el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze

3 to lead on (excitar sexualmente).

* * *

provocar

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo transitivo

1 to provoke

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

provocar el parto to induce birth

provocar un incendio (con intención) to commit arson 2 (sin intención) to cause a fire

* * *

verb

to provoke

* * *

1. VT

1) (=causar) [+ protesta, explosión] to cause, spark off; [+ fuego] to cause, start (deliberately); [+ cambio] to bring about, lead to; [+ proceso] to promote

provocar risa a algn — to make sb laugh

incendio provocado — arson

2) [+ parto] to induce, bring on

3) [+ persona] [gen] to provoke; (=incitar) to rouse, stir up (to anger); (=tentar) to tempt, invite

¡no me provoques! — don't start me!

provocar a algn a cólera o indignación — to rouse sb to fury

provocar a algn a lástima — to move sb to pity

el mar provoca a bañarse — the sea invites one to go for a swim

4) [sexualmente] to rouse

2. VI

1) LAm (=gustar, apetecer)

me provoca comer — I feel like eating

¿te provoca un café? — would you like a coffee?, do you fancy a coffee?

¿qué le provoca? — what would you like?, what do you fancy?

no me provoca la idea — the idea doesn't appeal to me, I don't fancy the idea

-¿por qué no vas? -no me provoca — "why aren't you going?" - "I don't feel like it"

no me provoca estudiar hoy — I'm not in the mood for studying today, I don't feel like studying today

2) * (=vomitar) to be sick, throw up *

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt

b) (Med)

provocar el parto — to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea — the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
2.
provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

* * *

= provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

Ex. 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.

Ex. Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.

Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.

Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.

Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.

Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.

Ex. In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.

Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.

Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.

Ex. The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.

Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.

Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.

Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.

Ex. This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.

Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.

Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.

Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.

Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.

Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.

Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

----

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.

* provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.

* provocar escarnio = evoke + response.

* provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.

* provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.

* provocar la controversia = court + controversy.

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.

* provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.

* provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.

* provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.

* provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.

* provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* provocar un debate = ignite + debate.

* provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.

* provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt

b) (Med)

provocar el parto — to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea — the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
2.
provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

* * *

= provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

Ex: 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.

Ex: Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.

Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.

Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.

Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.

Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex: However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.

Ex: In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.

Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.

Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.

Ex: The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.

Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.

Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.

Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.

Ex: This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.

Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.

Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.

Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.

Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.

Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.

Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.

* provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.

* provocar escarnio = evoke + response.

* provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.

* provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.

* provocar la controversia = court + controversy.

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.

* provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.

* provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.

* provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.

* provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.

* provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* provocar un debate = ignite + debate.

* provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.

* provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

* * *

provocar [A2 ]

vt

A

1 (causar, ocasionar) to cause

un cigarrillo pudo provocar la explosión the explosion may have been caused by a cigarette

una decisión que ha provocado violentas polémicas a decision which has sparked off o prompted violent controversy

no se sabe qué provocó el incendio it is not known what started the fire

2 ( Med):

provocar el parto to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

el antígeno provoca la formación de anticuerpos the antigen stimulates the production of antibodies

B ‹persona›

1 (al enfado) to provoke

2 (en sentido sexual) to lead … on

■ provocar

vi

( Andes) (apetecer): ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? ( BrE colloq)

■ provocarse

v pron

( refl):

se disparó un tiro provocándose la muerte he shot (and killed) himself

* * *

provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ explosión› to cause;

‹ incendio› to start;
‹ polémica› to spark off, prompt;
‹ reacción› to cause
b) (Med) ‹ parto› to induce

2 ‹ persona› ( al enfado) to provoke;
( sexualmente) to lead … on
verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
◊ ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

provocar verbo transitivo
1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
4 (la ira, etc) to rouse
(un aplauso) to provoke
5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke

' provocar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
campanada
- desatar
- engendrar
- hacer
- motivar
- organizar
- pinchar
- chulear
- dar
- meter
- parto
- reclamo
- torear
English:
bait
- bring
- bring about
- bring on
- cause
- excite
- fight
- incur
- induce
- instigate
- invite
- prompt
- provoke
- raise
- rouse
- roust
- short-circuit
- spark off
- start
- stir up
- tease
- trigger
- disturbance
- draw
- elicit
- evoke
- short
- spark
- stir
- taunt
- whip
- wreck

* * *

provocar

♦ vt

1. [incitar] to provoke;

¡no me provoques! don't provoke me!

2. [causar] [accidente, muerte] to cause;
[incendio, rebelión] to start; [sonrisa, burla] to elicit;
una placa de hielo provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a sheet of black ice;

provocar las iras de alguien to anger sb;

provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh;

el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze;

su actitud me provoca más lástima que otra cosa her attitude makes me pity her more than anything else

3. [excitar sexualmente] to lead on;

le gusta provocar a los chicos con su ropa she likes to tease the boys with her clothes

♦ vi
Carib, Col, Méx Fam [apetecer]
¿te provoca ir al cine? would you like to go to the movies?, Br do you fancy going to the cinema?;

¿te provoca un vaso de vino? would you like a glass of wine?, Br do you fancy a glass of wine?;

¿qué te provoca? what would you like to do?, Br what do you fancy doing?

* * *

provocar

v/t

1 cause

2 el enfado provoke

3 sexualmente lead on

4 parto induce

5

:

¿te provoca un café? S.Am. how about a coffee?

* * *

provocar {72} vt

1) causar: to provoke, to cause

2) irritar: to provoke, to pique

* * *

provocar vb

1. (en general) to cause

la tormenta provocó un apagón the storm caused a blackout

2. (incendio) to start

una chispa provocó el incendio a spark started the fire

3. (una persona) to provoke

no deja de provocarme he keeps provoking me

Spanish-English dictionary > provocar
12 passer

passer [pαse]

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1. intransitive verb

2. transitive verb

3. reflexive verb

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➭ TABLE 1

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► passer is conjugated with être unless it has an object, when the auxiliary is avoir.

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► Lorsque passer fait partie d'une locution comme passer sous le nez de qn, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.

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1. <

   a. (d'un endroit à un autre) to go

• l'autobus vient de passer the bus has just gone past

• passer en courant to run past

• faire passer les piétons to let the pedestrians cross

• la balle n'est pas passée loin the bullet didn't miss by much

• où passe la route ? where does the road go?

► passer à ( = passer par, aller à)

la Seine passe à Paris the Seine flows through Paris

• si nous passions au salon ? shall we go into the sitting room?

• passer à table to sit down to eat

• passer à l'ennemi to go over to the enemy

• passer d'un extrême à l'autre to go from one extreme to the other► passer après

• le confort, ça passe après comfort is less important► passer avant

• le travail passe avant tout work comes first► passer dans

• les camions ne passent pas dans notre rue lorries don't go along our street

• passer dans les mœurs to become the custom

• passer dans la langue to enter the language

• l'alcool passe dans le sang alcohol enters the bloodstream► passer derrière to go behind

► passer devant to go in front of

• passer devant la maison de qn to go past sb's house

• je passe devant vous pour vous montrer le chemin I'll go in front to show you the way

• passez donc devant ! you go first!

• passer devant Monsieur le maire to get married

• il est passé devant le conseil de discipline he came up before the disciplinary committee► passer par to go through

• pour y aller, je passe par Amiens I go there via Amiens

• par où êtes-vous passé ? (pour venir ici) which way did you come? ; (pour aller ailleurs) which way did you go?

• pour téléphoner, il faut passer par le standard you have to go through the switchboard to make a call

• il est passé par des moments difficiles he's been through some hard times

• passer par un lycée technique to go through technical college

• nous sommes tous passés par là we've all been through that

• il faudra bien en passer par là there's no way round it

• une idée m'est passée par la tête an idea occurred to me

• ça fait du bien par où ça passe ! (inf) that's just what the doctor ordered! (inf)► passer sous to go under

• il est passé sous l'autobus he was run over by the bus

• l'air passe sous la porte there's a draught from under the door► passer sur to go over ; ( = ignorer) to ignore

• passons sur les détails let's not worry about the details

• et je passe sur la saleté du lieu ! not to mention how dirty the place was!► laisser passer [+ air, lumière] to let in ; [+ personne, procession] to let through ; [+ erreur, occasion] to miss

• nous ne pouvons pas laisser passer ça we cannot let this pass

   b. ( = faire une halte rapide) passer au bureau to call in at the office

• passer chez un ami to call in at a friend's

• je ne fais que passer (chez qn) I can't stay long ; (dans une ville) I'm just passing through

• le facteur est passé the postman has been

► passer + infinitif

• passer prendre qn to call for sb

• passer chercher qn to call for sb

• passer voir qn to call on sb

• puis-je passer te voir en vitesse ? can I pop round?► en passant ( = sur le chemin) on the way ; ( = dans la conversation) in passing

• j'irai le voir en passant I'll call in and see him on the way

• il l'a dit en passant he mentioned it in passing

• il aime tous les sports, du football à la boxe en passant par le golf he likes all sports, from football to golf to boxing

   c. (Automobiles) les vitesses passent mal the gears are stiff

• passer en première to go into first

• passer en marche arrière to go into reverse

   d. ( = franchir un obstacle) [véhicule] to get through ; [cheval, sauteur] to get over

• ça passe ? (en manœuvrant) have I got enough room?

   e. ( = s'écouler) [temps] to go by

• comme le temps passe ! how time flies!

   f. ( = être digéré) to go down

• ça ne passe pas [repas] I've got indigestion

   g. ( = être accepté) [demande, proposition] to be accepted

• je ne pense pas que ce projet de loi passera I don't think this bill will be passed

• il est passé de justesse à l'examen he only just passed the exam

• il est passé dans la classe supérieure he's moved up to the next class (Brit) he's been promoted to the next grade (US)

• l'équipe est passée en 2^e division the team have moved up to the second division

• ça passe ou ça casse it's make or break time

   h. ( = devenir) to become

• passer directeur to become director

   i. ( = être montré) [film, émission, personne] to be on

• passer à la radio to be on the radio

• passer à la télévision to be on television

   j. ( = disparaître) [douleur] to pass ; [orage] to blow over ; [beauté, couleur] to fade ; [colère] to subside ; [mode] to die out

• faire passer à qn l'envie de faire qch to cure sb of doing sth

• cela fera passer votre rhume that will help get rid of your cold

• le plus dur est passé the worst is over

• il voulait être pompier mais ça lui est passé he wanted to be a fireman but he grew out of it

   k. (Cards) to pass

   l. (locutions) qu'il soit menteur, passe encore,... he may be a liar, that's one thing,...

► passer pour

• il pourrait passer pour un Allemand you could take him for a German

• il passe pour intelligent he's supposed to be intelligent

• se faire passer pour to pass o.s. off as

• tu veux me faire passer pour un idiot ! do you want to make me look stupid?► y passer (inf)

on a eu la grippe, tout le monde y est passé we've all had flu

• toute sa fortune y est passée he spent all his fortune on it

• si elle veut une promotion, il faudra bien qu'elle y passe (sexuellement) if she wants to be promoted, she'll have to sleep with the boss► passons let's say no more about it

2. <

   a. ( = franchir) [+ frontière] to cross ; [+ porte] to go through

• passer la douane to go through customs

• passer une rivière à la nage to swim across a river

   b. ( = donner, transmettre) to give ; [+ consigne, message] to pass on

• passer qch à qn to give sth to sb

• passe-moi une cigarette give me a cigarette

• passer le ballon à qn to pass the ball to sb

• tu fais passer pass it round

• il m'a passé un livre he's lent me a book

• je vous passe M. Duroy [standard] I'm putting you through to Mr Duroy ; ( = je lui passe l'appareil) here's Mr Duroy

• passer qch en fraude to smuggle sth

• passer sa mauvaise humeur sur qn to take one's bad temper out on sb

   c. ( = mettre) [+ vêtement] to put on

• passer la tête à la porte to poke one's head round the door

   d. ( = dépasser) [+ gare, maison] to pass

• tu as passé l'âge you're too old

• il ne passera pas la nuit he won't last the night

   e. ( = omettre) [+ mot, ligne] to leave out

• passer son tour to miss one's turn

• et j'en passe ! and that's not all!

   f. ( = permettre) passer un caprice à qn to humour sb

• on lui passe tout [+ bêtises] he gets away with anything ; [+ désirs] he gets everything he wants

• passez-moi l'expression if you'll pardon the expression

   g. [+ examen] to take

• passer son permis (de conduire) to take one's driving test

• passer une visite médicale to have a medical

   h. [+ temps, vacances] to spend

• passer sa vie à faire to spend one's life doing

• j'ai passé la soirée chez Luc I spent the evening at Luc's

• ça fait passer le temps it passes the time

   i. [+ film, diapositives] to show ; [+ disque] to play

   j. [+ commande] to place

• passer un accord avec qn to reach an agreement with sb

• passer un marché avec qn to do a deal with sb

   k. (à la passoire) to sieve ; (au mixer) to blend

   l. (locutions) passer la serpillière dans la cuisine to wash the kitchen floor

• passer le balai dans une pièce to sweep a room

• passer l'aspirateur dans une pièce to vacuum a room

• passer une couche de peinture sur qch to give sth a coat of paint

• passe-toi de l'eau sur le visage splash your face with water

• qu'est-ce qu'il lui a passé comme savon ! (inf) he gave him a really rough time! (inf)

3. <

► se passer

   a. ( = avoir lieu) to happen

• qu'est-ce qui s'est passé ? what happened?

• que se passe-t-il ? what's going on?

• tout s'est bien passé everything went off smoothly

• ça s'est mal passé it turned out badly

• ça ne se passera pas comme ça ! I won't stand for that!

   b. ( = se mettre à soi-même) elle s'est passé de la crème solaire sur les épaules she put some sun cream on her shoulders

• se passer les mains sous l'eau to rinse one's hands

   c. (se transmettre) [+ ballon] to pass to each other ; [+ notes de cours, livre, plat] to pass around

   d. ( = finir) il faut attendre que ça se passe you'll have to wait till it's over

   e. ► se passer de [+ chose] to do without ; [+ personne] to manage without

• je peux me passer de ta présence I can manage without you around

• on peut se passer d'aller au théâtre we can do without going to the theatre

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+1! La traduction la plus courante de passer n'est pas to pass ; passer un examen se traduit par to take an exam.

* * *
pɑse
1.

verbe transitif

1) ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, frontière]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [obstacle]

ils ont fait passer la rivière au troupeau — they took the herd across the river

il m'a fait passer la frontière — he got me across the border

2) ( faire franchir)

passer quelque chose à la douane — to get something through customs

3) ( dépasser) to go past, to pass

quand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite — turn right after the lights

j'ai passé l'âge — I'm too old

le malade ne passera pas la nuit — the patient won't last the night

4) ( mettre)

passer le doigt sur la table — to run one's finger over the table-top

passer la tête à la fenêtre — to stick one's head out of the window

elle m' a passé le bras autour des épaules — she put her arm around my shoulders

5) ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [something] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter) (colloq) to lend ( à quelqu'un to somebody); ( donner) (colloq) to give ( à quelqu'un to somebody)

fais passer la nouvelle à tes amis — pass the news on to your friends

passer sa colère sur ses collègues — to take one's anger out on one's colleagues

6) ( au téléphone)

tu peux me passer Chris? — can you put Chris on?

attends, je te la passe — hold on, here she is, I'll put her on

je vous le passe — ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through

pourriez-vous me passer le poste 4834? — could you put me through to extension 4834 please?

7) ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]

faire passer un test à quelqu'un — to give somebody a test

c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux — I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral

8) ( réussir) to pass [examen, test]

9) ( dans le temps) to spend [temps] ( à faire doing)

nous avons passé de bons moments ensemble — we've had some good times together

dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit! — (colloq) hurry up, or we'll be here all night!

10) ( pardonner)

elle leur passe tout — she lets them get away with murder

il passe tous ses caprices à sa fille — he indulges his daughter's every whim

passez-moi l'expression — if you'll pardon the expression

11) ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]

je vous passe les détails — I'll spare you the details

j'en passe et des meilleures — (colloq) ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on

12) ( utiliser)

passer un chiffon sur les meubles — to go over the furniture with a cloth

passer un coup de fer sur une chemise — to give a shirt a quick iron

passer l'aspirateur dans le salon — to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge

13) ( étendre)

passer un peu de baume sur une brûlure — to dab some ointment on a burn

passer une couche de peinture sur quelque chose — to give something a coat of paint

14) ( soumettre)

passer quelque chose à la flamme — to hold something over a flame

qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé! — (colloq) she really went for us! (colloq)

15) ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus, sauce]; to purée [légumes]

16) ( enfiler) to slip [something] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]

ils ont essayé de me passer la camisole — they tried to put me in a straitjacket

17) ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce]

18) ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]

passer un marché — (colloq) to make a deal

19) Automobile ( enclencher)

passer la troisième/la marche arrière — to go into third gear/into reverse

20) Jeux

passer son tour — to pass

2.

verbe intransitif

1) ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to pass

passer entre — to pass between

nous sommes passés près du lac — we went past the lake

passer sur un pont — to go over a bridge

l'autobus vient juste de passer — the bus has just gone

le facteur n'est pas encore passé — the postman hasn't come ou been yet

je suis passé à côté du monument — I passed the monument

nous sommes passés près de chez toi — we were near your house

passer à pied/à bicyclette — to walk/to cycle past

un avion est passé — a plane flew overhead

il est passé en courant — he ran past

le ballon est passé tout près des buts — the ball narrowly missed the goal

2) (se trouver, s'étendre)

la route passe à côté du lac — the road runs alongside the lake

ils ont fait passer la route devant chez nous — they built the road in front of our house

ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles — line that goes through the centres [BrE] of two circles

en faisant passer une ligne par ces deux villes — drawing a line through these two towns

3) ( faire un saut)

je ne fais que passer — I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute

quand je suis passé au marché — when I went down to the market

il est passé déposer un dossier — he came to drop off a file

passer dans la matinée — to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning

passe nous voir plus souvent! — come and see us more often!

passer prendre quelqu'un/qch — to pick somebody/sth up

4) ( se rendre) to go

les contrebandiers sont passés en Espagne — the smugglers have crossed into Spain

passez derrière moi — follow me

il est passé devant moi — ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me

passer devant une commission — to come before a committee

5) ( aller au-delà) to get through

il est passé au rouge — he went through the red lights

il n'a pas attendu le feu vert pour passer — he didn't wait for the lights to turn green

il m'a fait signe de passer — he waved me on

vas-y, ça passe! — go on, there's plenty of room!

laisser passer une ambulance — to let an ambulance through

le volet laisse passer un peu de lumière — the shutter lets in a chink of light

la cloison laisse passer le bruit — the partition doesn't keep the noise out

passer par-dessus bord — to fall overboard

il est passé par la fenêtre — ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window

il est passé sous un train — he was run over by a train

passer derrière la maison — to get round GB ou around US the back of the house

6) ( transiter)

passer par — [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through

nous sommes passés par Édimbourg — we went via Edinburgh

passer par quelqu'un pour faire quelque chose — to go through somebody to do

passer par de rudes épreuves — to go through the mill

passer par une rue — to go along a street

passer au bord de la faillite — to come very close to bankruptcy

la formation par laquelle il est passé — the training (that) he had

il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête — he always says the first thing that comes into his head

je ne sais jamais ce qui te passe par la tête — I never know what's going on in your head

une idée m'est passée par la tête — an idea occurred to me

qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? — what was he/she thinking of?

un sourire passa sur ses lèvres — he/she smiled briefly

des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe — from reptiles to man, including apes

7) (colloq) ( avoir son tour)

il accuse le patron, ses collègues, bref, tout le monde y passe — he's accusing the boss, his colleagues - in other words, everyone in sight

que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer — whether you like it or not, there's no alternative

on ne peut pas faire autrement que d'en passer par là — there is no other way around it

je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là — I know all about that, I've been there (colloq)

8) ( négliger)

je préfère passer sur ce point — I'd rather not dwell on that point

il est passé sur les détails — he didn't go into the details

si l'on passe sur les frais de déplacement — if we ignore the travel expenses

passons! — ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!

passer à côté d'une question — ( involontairement) to miss the point

laisser passer quelque chose — ( délibérément) to overlook something

laisser passer une occasion — to miss an opportunity

laisser passer plusieurs fautes — ( par inadvertance) to let several mistakes slip through

9) ( ne pas approfondir)

notons en passant que — we should note in passing that

soit dit en passer — incidentally

10) (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well ( auprès de with); [loi, candidat] to get through; [attitude, pensée] to be accepted

ce doit être le concombre qui passe mal — it must be the cucumber

prends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! — have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion

vos critiques sont mal passées — your criticism went down badly

ils n'ont jamais pu faire passer leurs idées — they never managed to get their ideas accepted

que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! — criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander

avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas — flattery won't work with him

passer au premier tour — Politique to be elected in the first round

passer dans la classe supérieure — to move up to the next year ou grade US

(ça) passe pour cette fois — (colloq) I'll let it go this time

11) ( se déplacer)

passer de France en Espagne — to leave France and enter Spain

passer de la salle à manger au salon — to move from the dining room to the lounge

passer à l'ennemi — to go over to the enemy

passer sous contrôle de l'ONU — to be taken over by the UN

passer sous contrôle ennemi — to fall into enemy hands

passer de main en main — to be passed around

passer constamment d'un sujet à l'autre — to flit from one subject to another

passer de la théorie à la pratique — to put theory into practice

leur nombre pourrait passer à 700 — their number could reach 700

passer à un taux supérieur — to go up to a higher rate

faire passer quelque chose de 200 à 300 — to increase something from 200 to 300

12) ( être pris)

passer pour un imbécile — to look a fool

il passe pour l'inventeur de l'ordinateur — he's supposed to have invented computers

il pourrait passer pour un Américain — he could be taken for an American

il veut passer pour un grand homme — he wants to be seen as a great man

faire passer quelqu'un/qch pour exceptionnel — to make somebody/sth out to be exceptional

se faire passer pour malade — to pretend to be ill

se faire passer pour mort — to fake one's own death

il se fait passer pour mon frère — he passes himself off as my brother

13) ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to pass

quand l'orage sera or aura passé — lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down

ça passera — ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it

la première réaction passée — once we/they calmed down

nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée — we had to wait for his/her anger to subside

passer de mode — to go out of fashion

cette mode est vite passée — that fashion was short-lived

faire passer à quelqu'un l'envie de faire — to cure somebody of the desire to do

je vais leur faire passer l'envie de tirer sur ma sonnette! — I'll teach them to ring my bell!

ce médicament fait passer les maux d'estomac — this medicine relieves stomach ache

cette mauvaise habitude te passera — it's a bad habit you'll grow out of

14) (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing

15) ( être placé)

passer avant/après — ( en importance) to come before/after

la santé passe avant tout — health comes first

il fait passer sa famille avant ses amis — he puts his family before his friends

16) (colloq) ( disparaître)

où étais-tu (encore) passé? — where (on earth) did you get to?

où est passé mon livre? — where has my book got to?

17) ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by

deux ans ont passé — two years have passed

je ne vois pas le temps passer — I don't know where the time goes

le week-end a passé trop vite — the weekend went too quickly

18) ( se mettre à) to turn to

passons aux choses sérieuses — let's turn to serious matters

passer à l'étape suivante — to move on to the next stage

passons à autre chose — let's change the subject

nous allons passer au vote — let's vote now

passer à l'offensive — to take the offensive

19) ( être transmis)

passer de père en fils — to be handed down from father to son

l'expression est passée dans la langue — the expression has become part of the language

ça finira par passer dans les mœurs — it'll eventually become common practice

il a fait passer son émotion dans la salle — he transmitted his emotion to the audience

20) ( être promu) to be promoted to

être passé maître dans l'art de faire — to be a past master at doing

elle est passée maître dans l'art de mentir — she's an accomplished liar

21) ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into

22) (colloq) ( mourir)

y passer — to die

si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer — if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself

on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux — we've all got to go sometime, the later the better

23) ( se décolorer) [teinte, tissu] to fade

passer au soleil — to fade in the sun

24) ( filtrer) [café] to filter

faire passer la soupe — to put the soup through a sieve

25) ( changer de vitesse)

passer en troisième/marche arrière — to go into third/reverse

la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer — third gear is a bit stiff

26) Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass

3.

se passer verbe pronominal

1) ( se produire) to happen

tout se passe comme si l'euro avait été dévalué — it's as if the euro had been devalued

2) ( être situé) to take place

la scène se passe au Viêt Nam — the scene is set in Vietnam

3) ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go

tout s'est passé très vite — it all happened very fast

ça va mal se passer pour toi — you're going to be in trouble

ça ne se passera pas comme ça! — I won't leave it at that!

4) ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass

deux ans se sont passés depuis — that was two years ago

attendons que ça se passe — let's wait till it's over

nos soirées se passaient à regarder la télévision — we spent the evenings watching television

5) ( se dispenser)

se passer de — [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]

se passer de commentaires — to speak for itself

ne pas pouvoir se passer de faire — not to be able to help doing

6) ( se mettre)

se passer la langue sur les lèvres — to run one's tongue over one's lips

se passer la main sur le front — to put a hand to one's forehead

7) ( l'un à l'autre)

ils se sont passé des documents — they exchanged some documents

nous nous sommes passé le virus — we caught the virus from each other

* * *
pɒse
1. vi

1) (= aller) to go, to pass, to pass by, to go by

passer au salon — to go through to the sitting room

passer par — to go through

Ils sont passés par Paris. — They went through Paris.

passez devant! — go in front!

passez par ici! — go this way!

passer à table — to sit down to eat

2) (= faire une halte rapide) [facteur] to come, to call, (pour rendre visite) to call in, to drop in

Je passerai chez vous ce soir. — I'll call in this evening., I'll drop in this evening.

passer prendre qn — to come and collect sb

en passant — in passing

Je lui ai dit en passant que j'allais me marier. — I told him in passing that I was getting married.

3) CARTES to pass

4)

passe encore de le penser, mais de le dire! — it's one thing to think it, but to say it!

passons! — let's say no more about it!

passer sur qch [faute, détail inutile] — to pass over sth

5) (= s'écouler) [temps, jours] to go by, to pass

6) (= disparaître) [douleur] to pass, to go away, [mode] to die out, [couleur, papier] to fade

faire passer à qn le goût de qch [homme] — to cure sb of his taste for sth, [femme] to cure sb of her taste for sth

7) (= franchir un obstacle, traverser) [personne] to get through, [courant, air, lumière] to get through, [liquide, café] to go through

faire passer [message] — to get over, to get across

laisser passer [air, lumière, personne] — to let through, [occasion] to miss, [erreur] to overlook

Il m'a laissé passer. — He let me through.

8) (= être digéré, avalé) to go down

9) ÉDUCATION, [personne] to move up (to the next class)

10) (= être diffusé) [film, émission] to be on

passer à la télévision — to be on TV

"Titanic" passe à la télé ce soir. — "Titanic" is on TV tonight.

Mon père passe à la radio demain soir. — My father's on the radio tomorrow night.

11) (autres locutions)

passer à [ennemi, opposition] — to go over to

passer aux aveux — to confess, to make a confession

passer avant qch/qn fig — to come before sth/sb

passer dans les mœurs — to become the custom

passer dans l'usage — to become normal usage

passer en seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second

passer pour; Il passe pour riche. — He is thought to be rich.

il passait pour avoir — he was said to have

faire passer qn/qch pour — to make sb/sth out to be

2. vt

1) (= franchir) [frontière, rivière] to cross, [douane] to go through

Nous avons passé la frontière belge. — We crossed the Belgian border.

faire passer qch dans qch — to get sth into sth

faire passer qch par qch — to get sth through sth

2) (= transmettre, donner)

passer qch à qn — to pass sth to sb, to give sb sth

Passe-moi le sel, s'il te plaît. — Pass me the salt, please.

je vous passe M. Cousin (au téléphone) — I'm putting you through to Mr Cousin

passer qch en fraude (= faire entrer) — to smuggle sth in, (= faire sortir) to smuggle sth out

passer la parole à qn — to hand over to sb

3) [temps, journée] to spend

Elle a passé la journée à ne rien faire. — She spent the day doing nothing.

Ils passent toujours leurs vacances au Danemark. — They always spend their holidays in Denmark.

4) (= subir) [examen] to sit, to take, [visite médicale] to have

Gordon a passé ses examens la semaine dernière. — Gordon took his exams last week.

5) (= mettre) [vêtement] to slip on

passer la main par la portière — to stick one's hand out of the door

passer la seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second

6) (= faire passer) [thé, soupe] to strain

passer qch dans qch — to put sth into sth

passer qch par qch — to put sth through sth

passer l'aspirateur — to hoover

7) (= jouer) [film] to show, [disque, CD] to play, to put on

On passe "Le Kid" au cinéma cette semaine. — They're showing "The Kid" at the cinema this week.

8) (= conclure) [marché] to agree on, [accord] to reach

9) (= tolérer)

passer qch à qn — to let sb get away with sth

et j'en passe! — and that's not all!

10) (= devenir)

passer président — to become president

* * *

passer verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, pont, frontière, col]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [haie, obstacle]; ils ont fait passer la rivière au troupeau they took the herd across the river; il m'a fait passer la frontière he got me across the border;

2 ( faire franchir) passer qch à la douane to get sth through customs; passer qch en fraude or contrebande to smuggle sth; passer qn en fraude ( vers l'intérieur) to smuggle sb in; ( vers l'extérieur) to smuggle sb out; ⇒ gauche;

3 ( dépasser) to go past, to pass; quand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite turn right after the lights; passer la barre des dix euros to pass the ten-euro mark; on a passé l'heure it's too late; j'ai passé l'âge I'm too old; le malade ne passera pas la nuit the patient won't last the night;

4 ( mettre) passer le doigt sur la table to run one's finger over the table-top; passer la tête à la fenêtre to stick one's head out of the window; elle m'a passé le bras autour des épaules she put her arm around my shoulders; elle m'a passé la main dans les cheveux she ran her fingers through my hair;

5 ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [sth] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter)○ to lend (à qn to sb); ( donner)○ to give (à qn to sb); passer le ballon au gardien de but to pass the ball to the goalkeeper; passe-moi le sel pass me the salt; passe le vin à ton père pass your father the wine; faites passer le plat entre vous pass the dish around; fais passer la bonne nouvelle à tes amis pass the good news on to your friends; elle a attrapé la grippe et l'a passée à son mari she caught flu and gave it to her husband; il m'a passé son vélo○ ( prêté) he lent me his bike; ( donné) he gave me his bike; il m'a passé son rhume he's given me his cold;

6 ( au téléphone) tu peux me passer Chris? can you put Chris on?; attends, je te la passe hold on, here she is, I'll put her on; je vous le passe ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through; pourriez-vous me passer le poste 4834/le service de traduction? could you put me through to extension 4834/the translation department, please?; il est sorti, je vous passe sa secrétaire he's out, I'll put you through to his secretary;

7 ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]; passer son permis de conduire to take one's driving test; faire passer un test à qn to give sb a test; c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral;

8 ( réussir) to pass [examen, test];

9 ( dans le temps) to spend [temps, jour, vie, vacances] (à faire doing); passer une nuit à l'hôtel to spend a night at a hotel; nous avons passé de bons moments ensemble we've had some good times together; dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit○! hurry up, or we'll be here all night!; passer sa colère sur son chat/ses collègues to take one's anger out on the cat/one's colleagues;

10 ( pardonner) passer qch à qn to let sb get away with sth; il ne me passe rien he doesn't let me get away with anything; elle leur passe tout she lets them get away with murder; passez-lui ses écarts de langage excuse his/her strong language; il passe tous ses caprices à sa fille he indulges his daughter's every whim; passez-moi l'expression/le terme if you'll pardon the expression/the word;

11 ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]; je vous passe les détails I'll spare you the details; j'en passe et des meilleures ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on;

12 ( utiliser) passer un chiffon humide sur les meubles to go over the furniture with a damp cloth; passer un coup de fer sur une chemise to give a shirt a quick press; n'oublie pas de passer l'aspirateur dans le salon don't forget to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge;

13 ( étendre) en passant un peu de cire, les rayures disparaîtront if you go over it with a bit of wax, the scratches will disappear; passer un peu de baume sur une brûlure to dab some ointment on a burn; passer une couche de peinture sur qch to give sth a coat of paint;

14 ( soumettre) passez le plat au four put the dish in the oven; passer la pointe d'une aiguille à la flamme to hold the point of a needle over a flame; passer le plancher à la cire to put some wax on the floor; passer qch à l'eau ( pour rincer) to give sth a rinse; ( pour obtenir une réaction) to soak sth briefly in water; qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé○! she really went for us○!; ⇒ peigne;

15 ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus de fruit, sauce]; to purée [légumes]; passer des légumes au moulin à légumes to purée vegetables;

16 ( enfiler) to slip [sth] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]; ils ont essayé de me passer la camisole they tried to put me in a straitjacket;

17 ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce];

18 ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]; passer un marché○ to make a deal;

19 Compta ( entrer) to enter, to post spéc [somme, dépense];

20 Aut ( enclencher) to go into [vitesse]; passer la troisième/la marche arrière to go into third gear/into reverse;

21 Jeux ( renoncer à) passer son tour to pass.

B vi

1 ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to pass; passer entre to pass between; regarder passer les trains to watch the trains go past ou by; nous sommes passés devant le palais/près du lac we went past the palace/the lake; passer sous/sur un pont to go under/over a bridge; l'autobus vient juste de passer the bus has just gone; le facteur n'est pas encore passé the postman hasn't been yet; quand passe le prochain car pour Caen? when is the next coach GB ou bus for Caen?; je suis passé à côté de lui/du monument I passed him/the monument; nous sommes passés près de chez toi ce matin we were near your house this morning; passer à pied/à cheval/en voiture/à bicyclette to walk/ride/drive/cycle past; un avion est passé a plane flew past overhead; il est passé en courant/boitant he ran/limped past; j'ai renversé le vase en passant I knocked over the vase as I went by; en passant, achète du lait buy some milk while you're out; le ballon est passé tout près des buts the ball narrowly missed the goal;

2 (se trouver, s'étendre) la route passe à côté du lac the road runs alongside the lake; le ruisseau passe derrière la maison the stream runs behind the house; ils ont fait passer la route devant chez nous/près de l'église/derrière le village they built the road in front of our house/near the church/behind the village; ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles line that connects the centres^GB of two circles; en faisant passer une ligne par ces deux villes drawing a line through these two towns;

3 ( faire un saut) je ne fais que passer I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute; quand je suis passé au marché when I went down to the market; quand je suis passé à l'école when I dropped by the school; quand je suis passé chez lui when I called in to see him GB, when I dropped by his place; passer à la banque to call in at the bank GB, to drop by the bank; il est passé déposer un dossier he came to drop off a file; il est passé quelqu'un pour toi someone was looking for you; je passerai un de ces jours I'll drop by one of these days; passer dans la matinée [plombier, représentant] to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning; passe nous voir plus souvent! come and see us more often!; passer prendre qn/qch to pick sb/sth up; je passerai te prendre à six heures I'll pick you up at six; je passerai prendre le gâteau dans une heure I'll pick up the cake in an hour;

4 ( se rendre) to go; passez au guichet numéro 3 go to counter 3; passons au salon let's go into ou through to the lounge; les contrebandiers sont passés en Espagne the smugglers have crossed into Spain; passez derrière moi, je vous montrerai le chemin follow me, I'll show you the way; il est passé devant moi, il m'est passé devant○ ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me; passer à la visite médicale to go for a medical examination; passer devant une commission to come before a committee;

5 ( aller au-delà) to get through; tu ne passeras pas, c'est trop étroit you'll never get through, it's too narrow; on ne peut pas passer à cause de la neige we can't get through because of the snow; impossible de passer tant il y avait de monde you couldn't get through, there were so many people; il est passé au rouge he went through the red lights; il n'a pas attendu le feu vert pour passer he didn't wait for the lights to turn green; il m'a fait signe de passer he waved me on; il a fait passer la vieille dame devant lui he let the old lady go first; vas-y, ça passe! ( à un automobiliste) go on, there's plenty of room!; laisser passer qn to let sb through; laisser passer une ambulance to let an ambulance through; le volet laisse passer un peu de lumière the shutter lets in a chink of light; la cloison laisse passer le bruit the partition doesn't keep the noise out; passer par-dessus bord to fall overboard; il est passé par la fenêtre ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window; il est passé sous un train he was run over by a train; nous n'avons pas pu faire passer l'armoire par la porte we couldn't get the wardrobe through the door; à cause des travaux, on ne peut pas passer derrière la maison because of the road works, we can't get round GB ou around US the back of the house; ⇒ caravane, casser;

6 ( transiter) passer par [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through; nous sommes passés par Édimbourg we went via Edinburgh; ça ira plus vite en passant par la Belgique it'll be quicker to go via Belgium; la manifestation passera dans cette avenue the demonstration will come along this avenue; passer par qn pour faire qch to do sth through sb; passer par de rudes épreuves to go through the mill, to have a rough time; passer par l'opératrice to go through the operator; passer par une rue to go along a street; passer par l'escalier de service to use the service stairs; nous sommes passés par une agence matrimoniale we met through a marriage bureau; il est passé par tous les stades de la formation he went through the various different stages of training; passer au bord de la faillite to come very close to bankruptcy; il est passé par une très bonne école he went to a very good school; la formation par laquelle il est passé the training (that) he had; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he always says the first thing that comes into his head; je ne sais jamais ce qui te passe par la tête I never know what's going on in your head; une idée m'est passée par la tête an idea occurred to me; mais qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? what on earth was he/she thinking of?; ça fait du bien par où ça passe○! [aliment, boisson] I needed that!; un éclair de malice passa dans ses yeux his/her eyes gleamed with mischief, he/she had a mischievous glint in his/her eyes; un sourire passa sur ses lèvres he/she smiled for a second; en passant par including; des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe from reptiles to man, including apes; ⇒ maire;

7 ○( avoir son tour) il accuse le patron, ses collègues, le cuisinier, bref, tout le monde y passe he's accusing the boss, his colleagues, the cook-in other words, everyone in sight; le rock, le blues, la musique classique, tout y passe rock, blues, classical music, you name it; que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer whether you like it or not, there's no alternative; la nouvelle secrétaire va y passer aussi the new secretary will get it as well; on ne peut pas faire autrement que d'en passer par là there is no other way around it; je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là I know all about that, I've been there○;

8 ( négliger) passer sur to pass over [question, défaut, erreur]; je préfère passer sur ce point pour l'instant I'd rather not dwell on that point for the moment; il est or a passé sur les détails he didn't go into the details; si l'on passe sur les frais de déplacement if we ignore the travel expenses; passons (là-dessus)! ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!; ( pardon) let's say no more about it!; passer à côté d'une question ( volontairement) to sidestep a question; ( involontairement) to miss the point; laisser passer qch ( délibérément) to let sth pass, to overlook sth; ( par inadvertance) to let sth slip through, to overlook sth; laisser passer une occasion, passer à côté d'une occasion to miss an opportunity, to let an opportunity slip ou go by; laisser passer quelques erreurs par gentillesse to overlook a few errors out of soft-heartedness; on ne peut pas laisser passer une telle erreur we cannot let a mistake like that through; le réviseur a laissé passer plusieurs fautes the proofreader let several mistakes slip through; il leur laisse passer tous leurs caprices he indulges their every whim;

9 ( ne pas approfondir) en passant in passing; notons en passant que we should note in passing that; en passant, il a ajouté que in passing, he added that; soit dit en passer incidentally;

10 (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well (auprès de with); [loi, règlement, mesure] to get through; [attitude, pensée, doctrine] to be accepted; [candidat] to get through; je ne me sens pas bien, ce doit être le concombre qui passe mal I don't feel well, it must be the cucumber; prends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion; vos critiques sont mal passées/ne sont pas passées your criticism went down badly/didn't go down well; ils n'ont jamais pu faire passer leur réforme/leurs idées they never managed to get their reform through/their ideas accepted; que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander; avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas flattery won't work with him; passer au premier tour Pol to be elected in the first round; passer dans la classe supérieure to move up to the next year ou grade US; (ça) passe pour cette fois○ this time, I'll let it go;

11 ( se déplacer) passer de France en Espagne to leave France and enter Spain; passer de la salle à manger au salon to move from the dining room to the lounge; passer à l'ennemi to go over to the enemy; passer dans le camp adverse to go over to the other side; passer sous contrôle de l'ONU/de l'État to be taken over by the UN/the government; passer sous contrôle ennemi to fall into enemy hands; passer de main en main to be passed around; passer constamment d'un sujet à l'autre to flit from one subject to another; passer d'un amant à un autre to go from one lover to the next; passer de l'opulence à la misère to go from extreme wealth to extreme poverty; passer de la théorie à la pratique to put theory into practice; leur nombre pourrait passer à 700 their number could reach 700; passer à un taux supérieur/inférieur to go up to a higher rate/down to a lower rate; faire passer qch de 200 à 300 to increase sth from 200 to 300; faire passer qch de 300 à 200 to decrease sth from 300 to 200; expression passée en proverbe expression that has become a proverb;

12 ( être pris) passer pour un imbécile/pour être une belle ville to be generally thought of as stupid/as a beautiful town (auprès de by); passer pour un génie to pass as a genius; son excentricité passe pour de l'intelligence his/her eccentricity passes for intelligence; il passe pour l'inventeur de l'ordinateur he's supposed to have invented computers; passer pour quelqu'un d'autre to be taken for someone else; il pourrait passer pour un Américain he could be taken for an American; il veut passer pour un grand homme he wants to be seen as a great man; faire passer qn/qch pour exceptionnel/exemplaire to make sb/sth out to be exceptional/a model of perfection; se faire passer pour malade to pretend to be ill; se faire passer pour mort to fake one's own death; il se fait passer pour mon frère he passes himself off as my brother; se faisant passer pour un agent d'assurance by passing himself off as ou by impersonating an insurance salesman; il m'a fait passer pour un imbécile he made me look like a fool;

13 ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to pass; quand l'orage sera or aura passé lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down; ça passera ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it; la première réaction passée, il a été possible de faire once we/they calmed down it was possible to do; nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée we had to wait for his/her anger to subside; passer de mode [vêtement, style, chanson, expression] to go out of fashion; cette mode est vite passée or a vite passé that fashion was short-lived; faire passer à qn l'envie or le goût de faire to cure sb of the desire to do; les sales gosses, je vais leur faire passer l'envie or l'habitude de tirer sur ma sonnette! those damn kids, I'll teach them to ring my bell!; ce médicament fait passer les maux d'estomac this medicine relieves stomach ache; cette mauvaise habitude te passera it's a bad habit you'll grow out of; ça lui passera avant que ça me reprenne○ it won't last;

14 (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing; mon ami passe à la télévision ce soir my friend is on television tonight; les films portugais qui passent à la télévision/au Rex/à Paris the Portuguese films (that are) on television/on at the Rex/on in Paris;

15 ( être placé) passer avant/après ( en importance) to come before/after; la santé passe avant tout health comes first; il fait passer sa famille avant ses amis he puts his family before his friends;

16 ○( disparaître) où étais-tu (encore) passé? where (on earth) did you get to?; où est passé mon livre/le chat? where has my book/the cat got to?;

17 ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by; deux ans ont passé depuis l'événement two years have passed since it happened; le temps a passé, et les gens ont oublié time has passed and people have forgotten; je ne vois pas le temps passer I don't know where the time goes; le week-end a or est passé trop vite the weekend went too quickly;

18 ( se mettre à) to turn to; passons aux choses sérieuses let's turn to serious matters; nous pouvons passer à l'étape suivante we can move on to the next stage; passons à autre chose let's change the subject; nous allons passer au vote let's vote now; passer à l'offensive to take the offensive;

19 ( être transmis) passer de père en fils/de génération en génération/à ses héritiers to be handed down from father to son/from generation to generation/to one's heirs; l'expression est passée dans la langue the expression has become part of the language; ça finira par passer dans les mœurs it'll eventually become common practice; il a fait passer son émotion dans la salle he transmitted his emotion to the audience;

20 ( être promu) to be promoted to; il est passé général he's been promoted to general; elle est passée maître dans l'art de mentir she's an accomplished liar;

21 ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into; la moitié de mon salaire passe en remboursement de mes dettes half my salary goes on paying off my debts; toutes mes économies y sont passées○ all my savings went into it;

22 ○( mourir) y passer to die; si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself; on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux we've all got to go sometime, the later the better;

23 ( se décolorer) [teinte, tissu] to fade; passer au soleil to fade in the sun;

24 ( filtrer) [café] to brew; faire passer la soupe to put the soup through the vegetable mill;

25 ( changer de vitesse) passer en troisième/marche arrière to go into third/reverse; la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer third gear is a bit stiff; passer de seconde en troisième to go from second into third;

26 Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass.

C se passer vpr

1 ( se produire) to happen; ça s'est passé en Chine/à Pékin/le matin/au bon moment it happened in China/in Beijing/in the morning/at the right time; il ne se passe jamais rien dans ce village nothing ever happens in this village; que se passe-t-il?, qu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening, what's going on?; tout se passe comme si le dollar avait été dévalué it's as if the dollar was devalued;

2 ( être situé) to take place; la scène se passe au Viêt Nam/dans les années trente/de nos jours the scene is set in Vietnam/in the thirties/in the present day;

3 ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go; comment s'est passée la réunion? how did the meeting go?; tout s'est bien passé everything went well; ça s'est mal passé it didn't go well; la réunion s'est très mal passée the meeting went very badly; tout s'est passé très vite it all happened very fast; ça va mal se passer pour toi si tu continues! you're going to be in trouble if you carry on GB ou continue doing that!; ça ne se passera pas comme ça! I won't leave it at that!;

4 ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass; il s'est passé deux ans depuis, deux ans se sont passés depuis that was two years ago; il ne se passe guère de jour (sans) qu'elle ne trouve à se plaindre hardly a day goes by without her finding something to complain about; attendons que ça se passe let's wait till it's over; nos soirées se passaient à regarder la télévision we spent the evenings watching television; ⇒ jeunesse;

5 ( se dispenser) se passer de [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]; nous nous sommes passés de voiture we did without a car; nous nous passerons de lui we'll do without him; je me passerais bien de tes remarques I can do without your comments; se passer de commentaires to speak for itself; ne pas pouvoir se passer de faire not to be able to help oneself from doing; se passer des services de qn to do without sb's services;

6 ( se mettre) se passer la langue sur les lèvres/la main dans les cheveux to run one's tongue over one's lips/one's fingers through one's hair; se passer la main sur le front to put a hand to one's forehead;

7 ( l'un à l'autre) ils se sont passé des documents they exchanged some documents; nous nous sommes passé le virus we caught the virus from each other.

[pase] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être)

A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]

1. [se déplacer - personne, véhicule] to pass (by), to go ou to come past

regarder passer les coureurs to watch the runners go past

passer à: passer à droite/gauche to go right/left

passer au-dessus de: l'avion est passé au-dessus de la maison the plane flew over the house

passer dans: pour empêcher les poids lourds de passer dans le village to stop lorries from driving ou going through the village

passer devant quelque chose to go past something

passe devant si tu ne vois pas

a. [devant moi] go in front of me if you can't see

b. [devant tout le monde] go to the front if you can't see

passer sous: passer sous une échelle to go under a ladder

passer sous une voiture [se faire écraser] to get run over (by a car)

passer sur: passer sur un pont to go over ou to cross a bridge

des péniches passaient sur le canal barges were going past ou were sailing on the canal

[fugitivement]

j'ai vu un éclair de rage passer dans son regard I saw a flash of anger in his eyes

un sourire passa sur ses lèvres a smile played about her lips, she smiled briefly

elle dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête she says the first thing that comes into her head

qu'est-ce qui a bien pu lui passer par la tête? whatever was he thinking of?

ne faire que passer: le pouvoir n'a fait que passer entre leurs mains they held power only briefly

2. [s'écouler - fluide] to flow, to run

il y a de l'air qui passe sous la porte there's a permanent draught coming under the door

3. [emprunter un certain itinéraire]

si vous passez à Paris, venez me voir come and see me if you're in Paris

passer par: le voleur est passé par la fenêtre the burglar got in through the window

passe par l'escalier de service use the service stairs

[fleuve, route] to go, to run

le tunnel passera sous la montagne the tunnel will go under the mountain

le pont passe au-dessus de l'avenue the bridge crosses the avenue

4. MATHÉMATIQUES to pass

soit une droite passant par deux points A et B given a straight line between two points A and B

5. [sur un parcours régulier - démarcheur, représentant] to call ; [ - bateau, bus, train] to come ou to go past

le facteur n'est pas encore passé the postman hasn't been yet

le facteur passe deux fois par jour the postman delivers ou comes twice a day

le bus passe toutes les sept minutes there's a bus every seven minutes

le bateau/train est déjà passé the boat/train has already gone ou left

le prochain bateau passera dans deux jours the next boat will call ou is due in two days

6. [faire une visite] to call

passer chez quelqu'un to call at somebody's place

j'ai demandé au médecin de passer I asked the doctor to call (in) ou to come ou to visit

j'essaierai de passer dans la soirée I'll try and call in the evening

je ne fais que passer I'm not stopping

(suivi de l'infinitif)

passer voir quelqu'un to call on somebody

je passerai te chercher I'll come and fetch you

7. [franchir une limite] to get through

ne laissez passer personne don't let anybody through

il est passé au rouge he went through a red light

ça passe ou ça casse it's make or break (time)

8. [s'infiltrer] to pass

passer dans le sang to pass into ou to enter the bloodstream

la lumière passe à travers les rideaux the light shines through the curtains

le café doit passer lentement [dans le filtre] the coffee must filter through slowly

9. [aller, se rendre] to go

où est-il passé? where's he gone (to)?

où sont passées mes lunettes? where have my glasses got ou disappeared to?

passons à table let's eat

passons au salon let's go through to the living room

passer de Suisse en France to cross over ou to go from Switzerland to France

passer à l'ennemi to go over to the enemy

10. CHASSE to pass, to go ou to come past

B.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]

1. [se soumettre à]

passer à to go for

passer au scanner to go for a scan

ce matin, je suis passé au tableau I was asked to explain something at the blackboard this morning

y passer (familier) : je ne veux pas me faire opérer — il faudra bien que tu y passes, pourtant! I don't want to have an operation — you're going to have to!

avec lui, toutes les femmes du service y sont passées he's had all the women in his department

tout le monde a cru que tu allais y passer everybody thought you were a goner

2. [être accepté] to pass

elle est passée à l'écrit mais pas à l'oral she got through ou she passed the written exam but not the oral

j'ai mangé quelque chose qui ne passe pas I've eaten something that won't go down

sa dernière remarque n'est pas passée (figuré) his last remark stuck in my throat

ton petit discours est bien passé your little speech went down well ou was well received

la deuxième scène ne passe pas du tout the second scene doesn't work at all

le film passe mal sur le petit écran/en noir et blanc the film just isn't the same on TV/in black and white

passe (encore): l'injurier, passe encore, mais le frapper! it's one thing to insult him, but quite another to hit him!

3. [être transmis] to go

la ferme est passée de père en fils depuis cinq générations the farm has been handed down from father to son for five generations

la carafe passa de main en main the jug was passed around

la locution est passée du latin à l'anglais the phrase came ou passed into English from Latin

4. [entrer] to pass

c'est passé dans le langage courant it's passed into ou it's now part of everyday speech

c'est passé dans les moeurs it's become standard ou normal practice

5. [être utilisé, absorbé] to go

tout son salaire passe dans la maison all her salary goes on the house

y passer: les deux bouteilles y sont passées both bottles were drunk

toutes ses économies y passent all her savings go towards ou into it

6. POLITIQUE [être adopté - projet de loi, amendement] to pass, to be passed

la loi est passée the law was passed

[être élu - député] to be elected, to get in

si les socialistes passent if the socialists get in ou are elected

7. CINÉMA & THÉÂTRE to be on, to be showing

sa dernière pièce passe au Galatée her latest play is on at the Galatée

RADIO & TÉLÉVISION

les informations passent à 20 h the news is on at 8 pm

passer à la radio [émission, personne] to be on the radio ou the air

passer à la télévision

a. [personne] to be ou to appear on television

b. [film] to be on television

8. DROIT [comparaître]

passer devant le tribunal to come up ou to go before the court

passer en correctionnelle ≃ to go before the magistrate's court

l'affaire passera en justice le mois prochain the case will be heard next month

9. JEUX to pass

C.[EXPRIME UN CHANGEMENT D'ÉTAT]

1. [accéder - à un niveau]

passer dans la classe supérieure to move up to the next form (UK) ou grade (US)

passer en seconde ÉDUCATION to move up to the fifth form (UK) ou to tenth grade (US)

il est passé au grade supérieur he's been promoted

2. [devenir] to become

il est passé ailier he plays on the wing now

passer professionnel to turn professional

3. [dans des locutions verbales]

passer à [aborder]: passons à l'ordre du jour let us turn to the business on the agenda

passer à l'action to take action

passer de... à [changer d'état]: passer de l'état liquide à l'état gazeux to pass ou to change from the liquid to the gaseous state

quand on passe de l'adolescence à l'âge adulte when you pass from adolescence to adulthood

la production est passée de 20 à 30/de 30 à 20 tonnes output has gone (up) from 20 to 30/(down) from 30 to 20 tonnes

passer du français au russe to switch from French to Russian

comment êtes-vous passé du cinéma au théâtre? how did you move ou make the transition from the cinema to the stage?

il passe d'une idée à l'autre he jumps ou flits from one idea to another

4. AUTOMOBILE

passer en troisième to change ou go into third (gear)

la seconde passe mal second gear is stiff

D.[EXPRIME UNE ÉVOLUTION DANS LE TEMPS]

1. [s'écouler - temps] to pass, to go by

la journée est passée agréablement the day went off ou passed pleasantly

comme le temps passe! how time flies!

2. [s'estomper - douleur] to fade (away), to wear off ; [ - malaise] to disappear ; [ - mode, engouement] to die out ; [ - enthousiasme] to wear off, to fade ; [ - beauté] to fade, to wane ; [ - chance, jeunesse] to pass ; [ - mauvaise humeur] to pass, to vanish ; [ - rage, tempête] to die down ; [ - averse] to die down, to stop

mon envie est passée I don't feel like it anymore

cette habitude lui passera avec l'âge he'll grow out of the habit

faire passer: ce médicament fait passer la douleur très rapidement this medicine relieves pain very quickly

3. [s'altérer - fruit, denrées] to go off (UK), to spoil, to go bad

[se faner - fleur] to wilt

[pâlir - teinte]

le papier peint a passé au soleil the sun has faded the wallpaper

4. (auxiliaire avoir) (vieilli) [mourir]

il a passé cette nuit he passed on ou away last night

————————

[pase] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)

A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]

1. [traverser - pont, col de montagne] to go over (inseparable), to cross ; [ - écluse] to go through (inseparable)

passer une rivière à la nage to swim across a river

passer un ruisseau à gué to ford a stream

2. [franchir - frontière, ligne d'arrivée] to cross

3. [dépasser - point de repère] to pass, to go past (inseparable)

passer l'arrêt de l'autobus [le manquer] to miss one's bus stop

passer le cap Horn to (go) round Cape Horn, to round the Cape

quand on passe les 1 000 mètres d'altitude when you go over 1,000 metres high

l'or a passé les 400 dollars l'once gold has broken through the $ 400 an ounce mark

4. [transporter] to ferry ou to take across (separable)

5. [introduire]

passer de la drogue/des cigarettes en fraude to smuggle drugs/cigarettes

6. [engager - partie du corps] to put

passer son bras autour de la taille de quelqu'un to put ou to slip one's arm round somebody's waist

je n'arrive pas à passer ma tête dans l'encolure de cette robe my head won't go through the neck of the dress

il a passé la tête par l'entrebâillement de la porte he poked his head round the door

7. [faire aller - instrument] to run

passer un peigne dans ses cheveux to run a comb through one's hair

passer une éponge sur la table to wipe the table

passer un chiffon sur les meubles to dust the furniture

passer l'aspirateur to vacuum, to hoover (UK)

passer le balai to sweep up

passe le balai dans l'escalier give the stairs a sweep, sweep the stairs

8. ÉQUITATION [haie] to jump, to clear

9. SPORT [franchir - obstacle, haie] to jump (over)

passer la barre à deux mètres to clear the bar at two metres

passer tous les obstacles (figuré) to overcome ou to surmount all the obstacles

[transmettre - ballon] to pass

[dépasser - coureurs] to overtake, to pass

B.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]

1. [se soumettre à - permis de conduire] to take ; [ - examen] to take, to sit (UK) ; [ - entretien] to have ; [ - scanner, visite médicale] to have, to go for (inseparable)

la voiture doit passer un contrôle technique the car has to go for its MOT

2. (vieilli) [réussir - examen] to pass ; [ - épreuve éliminatoire] to get through (inseparable)

il a passé l'écrit, mais attendons l'oral he's passed the written exam, but let's see what happens in the oral

3. [omettre] to miss ou to leave out (separable), to omit

je passe toutes les descriptions dans ses romans I miss out ou I skip all the descriptions in her novels

4. [tolérer]

elle lui passe tout she lets him get away with anything

passez-moi l'expression/le mot if you'll pardon the expression/excuse the term

5. [soumettre à l'action de]

passer les parquets à l'encaustique to polish the floors

passer des légumes au mixeur to put vegetables through the blender, to blend vegetables

passer quelque chose sous l'eau to rinse something ou to give something a rinse under the tap

passer quelque chose au four to put something in the oven

passer quelque chose à quelqu'un (familier) to give somebody a good dressing-down, to tick somebody off (UK)

se faire passer quelque chose (familier) to get a good ticking off (UK), to get a good chewing-out (US)

6. [donner, transmettre - généralement] to pass, to hand, to give ; [ - maladie] to give ; [ - au téléphone] to put through (separable)

passe(-moi) le couteau give me the knife

passe-moi le sel pass me the salt

fais passer à ton voisin pass it to your neighbour

passer ses pouvoirs à son successeur to hand over power to one's successor

je te passe Fred here's Fred, I'll hand you over to Fred

passe-moi Annie let me talk to Annie, put Annie on

7. [rendre public - annonce]

passer une petite annonce to place a small ad

il a passé une annonce dans le journal de cette semaine he put an ad in this week's paper

8. (familier) [prêter] to lend

9. [appliquer - substance] to apply, to put on (separable)

passer de la cire sur quelque chose to wax something

passer une couche de peinture sur un mur to paint a wall

il faudra passer une deuxième couche it needs a second coat

je vais te passer de la crème dans le dos I'm going to put ou to rub some cream on your back

10. [filtrer, tamiser - thé, potage] to strain ; [ - farine] to sieve

11. [enfiler - vêtement] to slip ou to put on (separable)

je passe une robe moins chaude et j'arrive I'll put on a cooler dress and I'll be with you

elle passa l'anneau à son doigt she slipped the ring on her finger

12. AUTOMOBILE

passer la marche arrière to go into reverse

passer la troisième to change ou to shift into third gear

13. CINÉMA & TÉLÉVISION [film] to show, to screen

[diapositive] to show

RADIO [émission] to broadcast

[cassette, disque] to play, to put on (separable)

on passe un western au Rex there's a western on at the Rex

14. COMMERCE [conclure - entente] to conclude, to come to (inseparable), to reach ; [ - marché] to agree on (inseparable), to strike, to reach ; [ - commande] to place

passez commande avant le 12 order before the 12th

15. [en comptabilité] to enter, to post

passer un article en compte to enter a sale into a ledger

16. DROIT [faire établir - acte juridique] to draw up (separable)

un acte passé par-devant notaire a deed drawn up in the presence of a notary

C.[EXPRIME UNE NOTION TEMPORELLE]

1. [employer - durée] to spend

j'ai passé un an en Angleterre I spent a year in England

passez un bon week-end/une bonne soirée! have a nice weekend/evening!

passer ses vacances à lire to spend one's holidays reading

il va venir passer quelques jours chez nous he's coming to stay with us for a few days

as-tu passé une bonne nuit? did you sleep well last night?, did you have a good night?

pour passer le temps to pass the time

2. [aller au-delà de - durée] to get through (inseparable), to survive

elle ne passera pas la nuit she won't see the night out, she won't last the night

3. [assouvir - envie] to satisfy

passer sa colère sur quelqu'un to take one's anger out on somebody

————————

passer après verbe plus préposition

il faut le faire libérer, le reste passe après we must get him released, everything else is secondary

————————

passer avant verbe plus préposition

to go ou to come before

ses intérêts passent avant tout his own interests come before anything else, he puts his own interests before everything else

————————

passer par verbe plus préposition

1. [dans une formation] to go through

il est passé par une grande école he studied at a Grande École

elle est passée par tous les échelons she rose through all the grades

2. [dans une évolution] to go through, to undergo

le pays est passé par toutes les formes de gouvernement the country has experienced every form of government

elle est passée par des moments difficiles she's been through some difficult times

3. [recourir à] to go through

je passe par une agence pour avoir des billets I get tickets through an agency

en passer par: il va falloir en passer par ses exigences we'll just have to do what he says

passer par là: je suis passé par là it's happened to me too, I've been through that too

pour comprendre, il faut être passé par là you have to have experienced it to understand

————————

passer pour verbe plus préposition

1. [avec nom] to be thought of as

dire qu'il passe pour un génie! to think that he's considered a genius!

je vais passer pour un idiot I'll be taken for ou people will take me for an idiot

se faire passer pour quelqu'un to pass oneself off as somebody

il se fait passer pour un professionnel he claims to be a professional

2. [avec adj]

son livre passe pour sérieux her book is considered to be serious

il s'est fait passer pour fou he pretended to be mad

3. [avec verbe]

elle passe pour descendre d'une famille noble she is said to be descended from an aristocratic family

————————

passer sur verbe plus préposition

[ne pas mentionner] to pass over, to skip

[excuser] to overlook

passons sur les détails let's pass over ou skip the details

il l'aime et passe sur tout he loves her and forgives everything

passons! let's say no more about it!, let's drop it!

tu me l'avais promis, mais passons! you promised me, but never mind!

————————

se passer verbe pronominal intransitif

1. [s'écouler - heures, semaines] to go by, to pass

la soirée s'est passée tranquillement the evening went by ou passed quietly

si la journée de demain se passe sans incident if everything goes off smoothly tomorrow

2. [survenir - événement] to take place, to happen

qu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening?, what's going on?

(tournure impersonnelle)

il se passe que ton frère vient d'être arrêté, (voilà ce qui se passe)! your brother's just been arrested, that's what's!

il ne se passe pas une semaine sans qu'il perde de l'argent aux courses not a week goes by without him losing money on the horses

3. [se dérouler - dans certaines conditions] to go (off)

l'opération s'est bien/mal passée the operation went (off) smoothly/badly

si tout se passe bien, nous y serons demain if all goes well, we'll be there tomorrow

tout se passe comme prévu everything's going according to plan ou going as planned

ça ne se passera pas comme ça! it won't be as easy as that!

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se passer verbe pronominal transitif

[s'appliquer, se mettre - produit] to apply, to put on (separable)

il se passa un peigne/la main dans les cheveux he ran a comb/his fingers through his hair

elle se passait un mouchoir sur le front she was wiping her forehead with a handkerchief

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se passer de verbe pronominal plus préposition

1. [vivre sans] to do ou to go without

si tu crois pouvoir te passer de tout le monde! if you think you can manage all by yourself!

il ne peut pas se passer de télévision he can't live without the television

2. [s'abstenir]

je me passerais (volontiers) de ses réflexions! I can do very well without her remarks!

3. [ne pas avoir besoin de]

sa déclaration se passe de tout commentaire her statement needs no comment

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en passant locution adverbiale

1. [dans la conversation] in passing

faire une remarque en passant to remark in passing, to make a casual remark

soit dit en passer it must be said

2. [sur son chemin]

il s'arrête de temps à autre en passant he calls on his way by ou past from time to time

————————

en passant par locution prépositionnelle

————————

1. [dans l'espace] via

l'avion va à Athènes en passant par Londres the plane goes to Athens via London ou stops in London on its way to Athens

2. [dans une énumération] (and) including

toutes les romancières de Sand à Sarraute en passant par Colette every woman novelist from Sand to Sarraute including Colette

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > passer

13 go

Ⅰ.

go¹ [gəʊ]

noun

(game) jeu m de go

Ⅱ.

go² [gəʊ]

aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)

(pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])

1 intransitive verb

A.

(a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;

∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;

∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;

∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;

∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;

∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;

∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;

∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;

∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;

∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;

∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;

∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;

∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;

∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;

∎ to go to prison aller en prison;

∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;

∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;

∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;

∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;

∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;

∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;

∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;

∎ there he goes! le voilà!;

∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!

(b) (engage in a specified activity) aller;

∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;

∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;

∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;

∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;

∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;

∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;

∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;

∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;

∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;

∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;

∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;

∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!

(c) (proceed to specified limit) aller;

∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;

∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;

∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;

∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;

∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;

∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;

∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent

(d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;

∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;

∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;

∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;

∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;

∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;

∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;

∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir

(e) (indicating regular attendance) aller, assister;

∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;

∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;

∎ to go to work (to one's place of work) aller au travail

(f) (indicating direction or route) aller, mener;

∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché

B.

(a) (be or remain in specified state) être;

∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;

∎ to go armed porter une arme;

∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;

∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;

∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;

∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis

(b) (become) devenir;

∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;

∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;

∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;

∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;

∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;

∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;

∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain

(c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;

∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée

(d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;

∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;

∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures

(e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;

∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;

∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;

∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;

∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés

C.

(a) (begin an activity) commencer;

∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;

∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;

∎ go! partez!;

∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;

∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;

∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!

(b) (expressing intention)

∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;

∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;

∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée

(c) (expressing future)

∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;

∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;

∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;

∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;

∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur

(d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;

∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;

∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;

∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;

∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;

∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;

∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu

(e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir

(f) (make movement)

∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils

(g) (appear)

∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision

D.

(a) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;

∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;

∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;

∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;

∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;

∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser

(b) (be eliminated)

∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;

∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;

∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire

(c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;

∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;

∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;

∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...

E.

(a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;

∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;

∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;

∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;

∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;

∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;

∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais

(b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;

∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;

∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;

∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là

(c) (be contained in, fit) aller;

∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;

∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;

∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;

∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement

(d) (develop, turn out) se passer;

∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;

∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;

∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;

∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;

∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;

∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;

∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;

∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;

∎ there's no doubt as to which way the decision will go on sait ce qui sera décidé;

∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;

∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;

∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;

∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage

(e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;

∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;

∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;

∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;

∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?

F.

(a) (be accepted)

∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;

∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;

∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut

(b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;

∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;

∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis

(c) (be expressed, run → report, story)

∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;

∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;

∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;

∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;

∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;

∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante

(d) (be identified as)

∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;

∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant

(e) (be sold) se vendre;

∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;

∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;

∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!

G.

(a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;

∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;

∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;

∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance

(b) (be spent)

∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;

∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson

(c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;

∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;

∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film

(d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;

∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage

H.

(a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;

∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble

(b) (be available)

∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;

∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;

∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?^□

(c) (endure) tenir le coup;

∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau

(d) euphemism (go to the toilet)

∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;

∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir

(e) Mathematics

∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;

∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6

(f) (idioms)

∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;

∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;

∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;

∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;

∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;

∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;

∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;

∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!

2 transitive verb

(a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;

∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite

(b) (travel) faire, voyager;

∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;

∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir

(c) (say) faire; (make specified noise) faire;

∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";

∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";

∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;

∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"

(d) (in gambling)

∎ to go 10 risquer 10;

∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);

∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)

(e) familiar (do with)

∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière

(f) (idioms) familiar old-fashioned

∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;

∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?

3 noun

(a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;

∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;

∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;

∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!^□ ;

∎ have another go! encore un coup!;

∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;

∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;

∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;

∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;

∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;

∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer

(b) British (in games → turn) tour m;

∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);

∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?

(c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme^□ m, entrain^□ m;

∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;

∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;

∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain

(d) familiar (success) succès^□ m, réussite^□ f;

∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;

∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire

(e) (fashion) mode f;

∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur

(f) familiar (idioms)

∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;

∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;

∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;

∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;

∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;

∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;

∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage

4 going on adverb

∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;

∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit

5 on the go adjective familiar

(a) (busy)

∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée^□ ;

∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;

∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn

(b) (in hand)

∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment^□

6 to go

1 adverb

à faire;

∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;

∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire

2 adjective

esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!

➲ go about

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;

∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;

∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!

(b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (get on with) s'occuper de;

∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations

(b) (set about) se mettre à;

∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;

∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?

(c) (country) parcourir

➲ go about with inseparable transitive verb

(frequent)

∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;

∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment

➲ go across

1 inseparable transitive verb

traverser

2 intransitive verb

traverser;

∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face

➲ go after inseparable transitive verb

(a) (follow) suivre

(b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;

∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;

∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi

➲ go against inseparable transitive verb

(a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;

∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;

∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère

(b) (conflict with) contredire;

∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;

∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;

∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes

(c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;

∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;

∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;

∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections

➲ go ahead intransitive verb

(a) (precede) passer devant;

∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;

∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue

(b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;

∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;

∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;

∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;

∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;

∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;

∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté

(c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès

➲ go along intransitive verb

(a) (move from one place to another) aller, avancer;

∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;

∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;

∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;

∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure

(b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;

∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien

(c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller

➲ go along with inseparable transitive verb

(decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;

∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;

∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;

∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;

∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père

➲ go around intransitive verb

(a) (habitually) passer son temps à;

∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;

∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;

∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir

(b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler

(c) (be long enough for)

∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?

➲ go around with = go about with

➲ go at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;

∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;

∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur

➲ go away intransitive verb

partir, s'en aller;

∎ go away! va-t'en!;

∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;

∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir

➲ go back intransitive verb

(a) (return) revenir, retourner;

∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;

∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;

∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;

∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;

∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;

∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;

∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;

∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;

∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;

∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui

(b) (retreat) reculer;

∎ go back! recule!

(c) (revert) revenir;

∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;

∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;

∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;

∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux

(d) (in time) remonter;

∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;

∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;

∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi

(e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;

∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres

➲ go back on inseparable transitive verb

(fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;

∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;

∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole

➲ go before

1 intransitive verb

(precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;

∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;

∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;

∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (precede) précéder;

∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés

(b) (appear before)

∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;

∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;

∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux

➲ go below intransitive verb

Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont

➲ go by

1 intransitive verb

(pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;

∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;

∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;

∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;

∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;

∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement

(b) (judge by) juger d'après;

∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;

∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences

(c) (be known by)

∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;

∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France

➲ go down

1 intransitive verb

(a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;

∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;

∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!

(b) (proceed, travel) aller;

∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin

(c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber

(d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;

∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;

∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;

∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;

∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;

∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;

∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs

(f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler

(g) (food, medicine) descendre;

∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)

(h) (produce specified reaction) être reçu;

∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;

∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;

∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;

∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos

(i) (lose) être battu;

∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;

∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;

∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin

(j) (be relegated) descendre;

∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division

(k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;

∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;

∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage

(l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;

∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage

(m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;

∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue

(n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances

(o) Cards (in bridge) chuter

(p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;

∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne

(q) Music (lower pitch) descendre

(r) British familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;

∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans

(s) American familiar (happen) se passer^□

2 inseparable transitive verb

(hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;

∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;

∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;

∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;

∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans

➲ go down on inseparable transitive verb

vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à

➲ go down with inseparable transitive verb

tomber malade de;

∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe

➲ go for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (fetch) aller chercher;

∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin

(b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;

∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;

∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;

∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;

∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum

(c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;

∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;

∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;

∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;

∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!

(d) familiar (like) aimer^□, adorer^□ ;

∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;

∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle

(e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer

(f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;

∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;

∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;

∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi

(g) (have as result) servir à;

∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien

(h) (be to the advantage of)

∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;

∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante

➲ go forth intransitive verb archaic or literary

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;

∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous

(b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;

∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…

➲ go forward intransitive verb

(s')avancer;

∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;

∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…

➲ go in intransitive verb

(a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;

∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;

∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas

(b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher

(c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet

(d) Military (attack) attaquer

➲ go in for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;

∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;

∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant

(b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à^□ ; (like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;

∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;

∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;

∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman

(c) familiar (use)

∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;

∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?

(d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à

(e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler

➲ go into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;

∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;

∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;

∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine

(b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)

∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;

∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport

(c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;

∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;

∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;

∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;

∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;

∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;

∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude

(e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;

∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;

∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;

∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça

(f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;

∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil

(g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;

∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans

(h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;

∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier

➲ go off

1 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;

∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;

∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;

∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène

(b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;

∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée

(c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;

∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;

∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;

∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (have specified outcome) se passer;

∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;

∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu

(e) (fall asleep) s'endormir

(f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;

∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie

2 inseparable transitive verb

British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de^□ ;

∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;

∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois

➲ go off with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (leave with) partir avec;

∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine

(b) (make off with) partir avec;

∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;

∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux

➲ go on

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;

∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);

∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;

∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;

∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés

(b) (continue action) continuer;

∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;

∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;

∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;

∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;

∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;

∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;

∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;

∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;

∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;

∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;

∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;

∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;

∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;

∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;

∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;

∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner

(c) (proceed to another action)

∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;

∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;

∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin

(d) (be placed, fit) aller;

∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;

∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;

∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout

(e) (happen, take place) se passer;

∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;

∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;

∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;

∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;

∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre

(f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;

∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe

(g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler^□, jacasser^□ ;

∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;

∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;

∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;

∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;

∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?

(h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire^□, se comporter^□ ;

∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!

(i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche

(j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu

(k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène

(l) (approach)

∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans

(b) (embark on)

∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;

∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime

(c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;

∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;

∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct

(d) (approach)

∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;

∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge

(e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose

➲ go on at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (criticize) critiquer^□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à^□ ;

∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;

∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;

∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;

∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!

➲ go out intransitive verb

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;

∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;

∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;

∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;

∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;

∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;

∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;

∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;

∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée

(b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;

∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique

(c) (date) sortir;

∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;

∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble

(d) (fire, light) s'éteindre

(e) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;

∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;

∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage

(f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;

∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;

∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge

(g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;

∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;

∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres

(h) figurative (set out)

∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;

∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose

(i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé

(j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;

∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;

∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin

(k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;

∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman

(l) Cards terminer

(m) familiar (idiom)

∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider^□

➲ go over

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move overhead) passer;

∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion

(b) (move in particular direction) aller; (cross) traverser;

∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;

∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;

∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe

(c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter

(d) (change, switch) changer;

∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;

∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?

(e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;

∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;

∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi

(f) (be received) passer;

∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;

∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;

∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse

(b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;

∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?

(c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;

∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;

∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;

∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;

∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires

(d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter

(e) Television & Radio

∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;

∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct

➲ go past inseparable transitive verb

(move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser

➲ go round

1 intransitive verb

(a) (be enough)

∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;

∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture

(b) (visit) aller;

∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;

∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard

(c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler

(d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)

∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête

(e) (spin → wheel) tourner;

∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

(f) (make a detour) faire un détour;

∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour

2 inseparable transitive verb

(tour → museum) faire le tour de;

∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques

➲ go through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;

∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée

(b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;

∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;

∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;

∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;

∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;

∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble

(c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;

∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;

∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;

∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;

∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman

(d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;

∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;

∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;

∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches

(e) (of bill, law) être voté;

∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement

(f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;

∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;

∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa

(g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à

(h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;

∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début

2 intransitive verb

(a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser

(b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;

∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement

➲ go through with inseparable transitive verb

∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;

∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;

∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace

➲ go together intransitive verb

(a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;

∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair

(b) American (people) sortir ensemble

➲ go towards inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move towards) aller vers

(b) (effort, money) être consacré à;

∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme

➲ go under

1 intransitive verb

(a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer

(c) (under anaesthetic) s'endormir

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous

(b) (be known)

∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;

∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit

➲ go up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;

∎ to go up to town aller en ville;

∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;

∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;

∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;

∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin

(b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;

∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;

∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;

∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn

(c) (sudden noise) s'élever;

∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva

(d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;

∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville

(e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser

(f) Music (raise pitch) monter

(g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;

∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau

(h) British University entrer à l'université;

∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950

(i) American familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre

(j) Sport (be promoted)

∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division

2 inseparable transitive verb

monter;

∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;

∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;

∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe

➲ go up to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (approach)

∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;

∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée

(b) (go as far as)

∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;

∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres

➲ go with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;

∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;

∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps

(b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;

∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;

∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots

(c) (be part of) aller avec;

∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;

∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;

∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs

(d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes

➲ go without

1 inseparable transitive verb

se passer de, se priver de;

∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours

2 intransitive verb

s'en passer;

∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout

ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").

ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > go

14 causar

v.

1 to cause.

el accidente le causó graves lesiones he was seriously injured in the accident

el huracán causó estragos en la costa the hurricane wreaked havoc on the coast

el terremotó causó dos mil muertos two thousand people died in the earthquake, the earthquake killed two thousand people

El ácido úrico causa la gota Uric acid causes gout.

Ella causó que eso ocurriese She caused that to happen.

2 to be caused to.

Se nos causó un gran daño A great damage was caused to us.

* * *

causar

► verbo transitivo

1 (provocar) to cause, bring about

■ las inundaciones causaron daños cuantiosos the floods caused a great deal of damage

2 (proporcionar) to make, give

■ su visita me causó un gran placer her visit gave me great pleasure

■ el nuevo portero me ha causado muy mala impresión the new porter made a bad impression on me

* * *

verb

1) to cause

2) make

* * *

VT [+ problema, consecuencia, víctima] to cause; [+ impresión] to make

su mal carácter le causa muchos problemas — his temper causes him a lot of problems

el tobillo aún le causa algún problema — his ankle is still giving him trouble

la explosión causó heridas a dos personas — the explosion injured two people, the explosion left two people injured

la noticia ha causado gran preocupación — the news has caused enormous concern

sus declaraciones han causado el efecto esperado — her statements have produced o had the desired effect

el poema le causó una honda impresión — the poem made a great impression on him

su frialdad me causa un profundo dolor — I find his coolness very hurtful

• causar asombro a algn — to amaze sb

• causar emoción a algn — to move sb

• causar extrañeza a algn — to puzzle sb

• causar risa a algn — to make sb laugh

* * *

verbo transitivo <daños/problema/sufrimiento> to cause; < indignación> to cause, arouse; < alarma> to cause, provoke; < placer> to give

el incidente causó gran inquietud — the incident caused great unease

me causó muy buena impresión — I was very impressed with her

* * *

= cause, result (in), spark off, inflict, evoke, bring on, bring about, precipitate, give + cause to, give + rise to, give + occasion to.

Ex. As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.

Ex. Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.

Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex. This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.

Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

----

* causar ansiedad = cause + anxiety.

* causar buena impresión = impress, come across.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* causar conmoción = cause + a ripple.

* causar consternación = cause + consternation.

* causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.

* causar daño corporal = cause + injury.

* causar daño material = cause + material injury.

* causar daños = cause + erosion.

* causar desórdenes = riot.

* causar destrozos = wreak + devastation.

* causar destrucción = wreak + destruction.

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* causar disturbios = riot.

* causar estragos = wreak + havoc, ravage, run + amok, cause + havoc, create + havoc, play + havoc with.

* causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.

* causar impresión = make + impression.

* causar molestias = cause + disruption, inconvenience, cause + inconvenience.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* causar pérdidas = cause + losses.

* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.

* causar preocupación = evoke + concern, cause + concern.

* causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.

* causar revuelo = cause + a stir, create + a stir.

* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.

* causarse daño = bring + disaster on.

* causar sensación = be a sensation, cut + a swath(e), cut + a dash, make + heads turn, make + a big noise, cause + a sensation.

* causar sensación en el mundo = make + a big noise in the world.

* causar sorpresa = cause + an eyelid to bat.

* causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.

* causar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.

* causar una guerra = precipitate + war.

* causar una impresión = leave + an impression, make + an impression.

* causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.

* causar una reacción = cause + reaction.

* causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* * *

verbo transitivo <daños/problema/sufrimiento> to cause; < indignación> to cause, arouse; < alarma> to cause, provoke; < placer> to give

el incidente causó gran inquietud — the incident caused great unease

me causó muy buena impresión — I was very impressed with her

* * *

= cause, result (in), spark off, inflict, evoke, bring on, bring about, precipitate, give + cause to, give + rise to, give + occasion to.

Ex: As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.

Ex: Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.

Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex: This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.

Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

* causar ansiedad = cause + anxiety.

* causar buena impresión = impress, come across.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* causar conmoción = cause + a ripple.

* causar consternación = cause + consternation.

* causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.

* causar daño corporal = cause + injury.

* causar daño material = cause + material injury.

* causar daños = cause + erosion.

* causar desórdenes = riot.

* causar destrozos = wreak + devastation.

* causar destrucción = wreak + destruction.

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* causar disturbios = riot.

* causar estragos = wreak + havoc, ravage, run + amok, cause + havoc, create + havoc, play + havoc with.

* causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.

* causar impresión = make + impression.

* causar molestias = cause + disruption, inconvenience, cause + inconvenience.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* causar pérdidas = cause + losses.

* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.

* causar preocupación = evoke + concern, cause + concern.

* causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.

* causar revuelo = cause + a stir, create + a stir.

* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.

* causarse daño = bring + disaster on.

* causar sensación = be a sensation, cut + a swath(e), cut + a dash, make + heads turn, make + a big noise, cause + a sensation.

* causar sensación en el mundo = make + a big noise in the world.

* causar sorpresa = cause + an eyelid to bat.

* causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.

* causar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.

* causar una guerra = precipitate + war.

* causar una impresión = leave + an impression, make + an impression.

* causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.

* causar una reacción = cause + reaction.

* causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* * *

causar [A1 ]

vt

‹daños/problema› to cause; ‹indignación› to cause, arouse

el incidente causó gran inquietud the incident caused great unease

verlo así me causa gran tristeza it makes me very sad o it causes me great sadness o it fills me with sadness to see him like that

me causó muy buena impresión I was very impressed with her, she made a very good impression on me

este premio me causa gran satisfacción ( frml); I am delighted to receive this prize

me causó mucha gracia que dijera eso I thought it was o I found it very funny that she should say that

* * *

causar ( conjugate causar) verbo transitivo ‹daños/problema/sufrimiento› to cause;
‹ indignación› to cause, arouse;
‹ alarma› to cause, provoke;
‹ placer› to give;
◊ le causó mucha pena it made him very sad;

me causó muy buena impresión I was very impressed with her
causar verbo transitivo to cause, bring about: el desaliño causa mala impresión, untidiness makes a bad impression
le causó buena impresión, he was very impressed by him
me causó mucha alegría, it made me very happy

' causar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
admirar
- alborotar
- caer
- cobrarse
- dar
- darse
- deslumbrar
- determinar
- embarazar
- embriagar
- emocionar
- encandilar
- engordar
- espantar
- estragos
- estropear
- fastidiar
- hacer
- ilusionar
- impresión
- impresionar
- incomodar
- meter
- molestar
- molestia
- montar
- obrar
- parecer
- pesar
- plantear
- producir
- provocar
- repeler
- repercutir
- revolver
- salar
- sembrar
- traer
- trastornar
- turbar
- furor
- motivar
- propiciar
- saber
English:
bother
- cause
- derive
- foul up
- impression
- inflict
- painlessly
- riot
- sensation
- set
- start
- trouble
- wreak
- fire
- mischief
- rise

* * *

causar vt
[daños, problemas] to cause; [placer, satisfacción] to give;
el huracán causó estragos en la costa the hurricane wreaked havoc on the coast;

el terremoto causó dos mil muertos two thousand people died in the earthquake, the earthquake killed two thousand people;

el accidente le causó graves lesiones he was seriously injured in the accident;

causar (una) buena/mala impresión to make a good/bad impression;

me causa mucha felicidad saber que se hayan reconciliado it makes me very happy to know they've made up with one another;

esta crema a veces causa una sensación de picor this cream sometimes causes an itching sensation

* * *

causar

v/t daño cause; placer provide, give

* * *

causar vt

1) : to cause

2) : to provoke, to arouse

eso me causa gracia: that strikes me as being funny

* * *

causar vb

1. (provocar) to cause

las fuertes lluvias han causado inundaciones the heavy rain has caused flooding

no quiero causarte molestias I don't want to inconvenience you

2. (proporcionar) to make

me causó buena impresión she made a good impression on me

Spanish-English dictionary > causar

15 Psychology

   1) The Knowledge of Ourselves

   We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)

   2) As a Science, Psychology Is Distinct

   The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)

   3) Psychology Can Never Be an Exact Natural Science

   Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)

   4) How a " Mathematical" Psychology May Be Realized in Practice

   It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)

   5) The Rights of Psychology as Science

   "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,

   6) The Study of Animal Psychology

   The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)

   7) The Behaviorist's Formulation

   The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)

   8) Man Is a Microcosm

   According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)

   9) Brief Overview of Psychology's History

   At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.

   In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.

   The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.

   Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)

    10) Psychological Research Is Not Building toward Systematic Clarity

   As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)

    11) Psychology as a Scientific Discipline

   The subject matter of psychology is as old as reﬂection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

16 time

1. время, продолжительность; период; срок || рассчитывать по времени; отмечать время; хронометрировать

2. такт; темп

net time on bottom — время механического бурения

repair and servicing time — время на ремонт и обслуживание

time of running in — время, требуемое на спуск бурового инструмента

wait on plastic time — время ожидания затвердевания пластмассы (при тампонировании скважины полимерами) (до получения прочности, равной 7 МПа)

— arrival time

— average mooring time

— braking time

— closed-in time

— connection time

— delay time

— delta time

— development time

— down time

— drilling time

— equal travel time

— fiducial time

— final setting time

— finite time

— flush time

— full time

— idle time

— in unit time

— infinite closed-in time

— initial setting time

— intercept time

— jelling time

— lost time

— make up time

— mean time

— mooring time

— net drilling time

— operating time

— outage time

— pipe abandoning time

— pipe recovery time

— production time

— pumping time

— reaction time

— readiness time

— reciprocating time

— recovery time

— release time

— removal time

— response time

— rig time

— rig up time

— running time

— set time

— setting time

— setup time

— shot hole time

— shut-in time

— station time

— take time

— tear-down time

— thickening time

— time of advent

— time of arrival

— time of ascend

— time of heat

— time of setting

— time of transit

— time on trips

— transit time

— travel time

— travelling time

— trip time

— unproductive time

— uphole time

* * *

1. время; период; момент; срок; продолжительность

2. наработка

estimated mean time to failure — расчётная средняя наработка до отказа

expected time to first failure — ожидаемая наработка до первого отказа

expected time to repair — ожидаемая наработка до ремонта

mean time between complaints — среднее время между рекламациями; средняя наработка на рекламацию

mean time between defects — средняя наработка между появлениями дефектов

mean time between detectable failures — средняя наработка между обнаруживаемыми отказами

mean time between malfunctions — средняя наработка между отказами

mean time between unscheduled removals — средняя наработка между внеплановыми заменами

mean time of repair — средняя продолжительность ремонта

mean time to crash — средняя наработка до выхода из строя

mean time to diagnosis — среднее время до обнаружения неисправности (после её появления)

mean time to first failure — средняя наработка до первого отказа

mean time to isolate — средняя продолжительность обнаружения (неисправности)

mean time to maintenance — средняя наработка до технического обслуживания

mean time to removal — средняя наработка до замены

mean time to repair failures — среднее время устранения неисправностей

mean time to replacement — средняя наработка до замены

mean time to restore — средняя наработка до ремонта

mean time to return to service — среднее время возвращения в исправное состояние

mean time to unscheduled removal — средняя наработка до внеплановой замены

median time to failure — медиана наработки до отказа

minimum time to repair — минимальная наработка до ремонта

operating time between failures — наработка между отказами

repair time per failure — продолжительность ремонта на один отказ

required time of operation — требуемая наработка

time between maintenance actions — наработка между операциями технического обслуживания

time to first system failure — наработка до первого отказа системы

time to locate a failure — время до обнаружения местонахождения неисправности

time to repair completion — время до завершения ремонта;

time to system failure — наработка до отказа системы

— active maintenance time

— active repair time

— active technician time

— administrative time

— alert time

— attendance time

— available time

— awaiting repair time

— bad time

— corrective maintenance time

— delay technician time

— effective repair time

— engineering time

— equipment repair time

— exponential failure time

— failed time

— failure time

— failure-detection time

— failure-free time

— failure-reaction time

— fault time

— fault-detection time

— fault-free time

— fault-inception time

— final test time

— general repair time

— guarantee time

— in-commission time

— interfailure time

— interrepair time

— localization time

— maintenance time

— makeup time

— malfunction repair time

— mean operating time

— mean repair time

— mean up time

— median maintenance time

— nipple-down time

— nipple-up time

— nonactive maintenance time

— nonfailure operation time

— nonscheduled maintenance time

— operating time

— operational use time

— out-of-commission time

— overhaul time

— preventive maintenance time

— proving time

— pump down time

— readiness time

— ready time

— rejection operating time

— repair delay time

— repair-and-servicing time

— repair-to-repair time

— replacement time

— residual time

— routine maintenance time

— scheduled engineering time

— scheduled operating time

— search time

— service adequacy time

— service time

— standby unattended time

— supplementary maintenance time

— survival time

— switching delay time

— switching time

— technician delay time

— time between defects

— time between failures

— time between overhauls

— time between removals

— time between repairs

— time between replacements

— time between tests

— time since overhaul

— time to damage

— time to failure

— time to repair

— total maintenance time

— total technician time

— troubleshooting time

— turnaround time

— turnover time

— usable time

— wait-before-repair time

— wear-out time

* * *

время; продолжительность; темп; такт

* * *

время, момент

* * *

1) время; период; момент; срок; продолжительность

2) наработка

•

time at shot point — сейсм. вертикальное время;

time between defects — наработка между появлениями дефектов;

time between failures — наработка между отказами;

time between maintenance actions — наработка между операциями технического обслуживания;

time between overhauls — межремонтный срок службы; наработка между капитальными ремонтами;

time between removals — интервал между заменами ( элементов);

time between repairs — межремонтный срок службы; наработка между ремонтами;

time between replacements — интервал между заменами ( элементов);

time between tests — время между испытаниями;

time on bottom — продолжительность нахождения инструмента в забое;

time on trip — время на спуско-подъёмные операции;

time since circulation — интервал времени между остановкой циркуляции бурового раствора и началом каротажа;

time since overhaul — наработка после капитального ремонта;

time to damage — наработка до повреждения;

time to failure — наработка до отказа;

time to first system failure — наработка до первого отказа системы;

time to locate a failure — время до обнаружения местонахождения неисправности;

time to repair — наработка до ремонта;

time to repair completion — время до завершения ремонта;

time to restore — наработка до восстановления;

time to system failure — наработка до отказа системы;

time to the first system failure — наработка до первого отказа системы

- time of advent
- time of arrival
- time of ascend
- time of echo
- time of flight
- time of running-in
- time of service
- time of setting
- time transit
- active maintenance time
- active repair time
- active technician time
- actual casing cutting time
- actual drilling time
- administrative time
- alert time
- arrival time
- attendance time
- available time
- average time between maintenance
- average mooring time
- awaiting repair time
- bad time
- Barnaby time
- bedrock-reflection time
- bit time off-bottom
- bit time on-bottom
- bit run time
- boring time
- break time
- breakdown time
- casing-fluid decay time
- cement setting time
- cementing time
- changing time
- charging-up time
- circulation cycle time
- closed-in time
- composite delay time
- connection time
- coring time
- corrected travel time
- corrective maintenance time
- critical fault clearing time
- critical ray time
- cutting-in time
- datum-corrected time
- dead time
- delay technician time
- discharge time
- down time
- drainage time
- drilling time
- drilling time per bit
- drilling bit changing time
- effective repair time
- elapsed maintenance time
- end-to-end time
- engineering time
- equal travel time
- equipment repair time
- estimated time of repair
- estimated mean time to failure
- estimated repair time
- etching time
- expected time to first failure
- expected time to repair
- expected test time
- exponential failure time
- failed time
- failure time
- failure-detection time
- failure-free time
- failure-reaction time
- fault time
- fault-detection time
- fault-free time
- fault-inception time
- fill-up time
- filling time
- filtration time
- final cement setting time
- final setting time
- final test time
- first-arrival time
- first-break time
- first-event time
- fishing time
- flush time
- forward time
- general repair time
- geological time
- geometrical ray-path time
- geophone time
- ghost travel time
- gross drilling time
- guarantee time
- half-intercept time
- head-wave arrival time
- high-velocity time
- horizon time
- in-commission time
- infinite closed-in time
- infusion time
- initial setting time
- intercept time
- interfailure time
- interpolated time
- interrepair time
- interval time
- interval transit time
- jelling time
- lag time
- least travel time
- localization time
- lost time
- maintenance time
- makeup time
- malfunction repair time
- maximum repair time
- mean time
- mean time between complaints
- mean time between defects
- mean time between detectable failures
- mean time between malfunctions
- mean time between unscheduled removals
- mean time of repair
- mean time to crash
- mean time to diagnosis
- mean time to first failure
- mean time to isolate
- mean time to maintenance
- mean time to removal
- mean time to repair failures
- mean time to replacement
- mean time to restore
- mean time to return to service
- mean time to unscheduled removal
- mean corrective maintenance time
- mean diagnostic time
- mean maintenance time
- mean operating time
- mean repair time
- mean up time
- measured travel time
- median time to failure
- median maintenance time
- minimum time to repair
- mooring time
- moveout time
- moving time
- mud-path correction time
- net time on-bottom
- net drilling time
- nipple-down time
- nipple-up time
- nonactive maintenance time
- nonfailure operation time
- nonproductive rig time
- nonscheduled maintenance time
- normal arrival time
- observed travel time
- off-stream time
- oil field development time
- oil production time
- on-bottom time
- one-way time
- one-way travel time
- operating time
- operating time between failures
- operational use time
- out-of-commission time
- overall time
- overhaul time
- pipe abandoning time
- pipe recovery time
- pool formation time
- pressure build-up time
- pressure readjustment time
- preventive maintenance time
- production time
- productive time
- productive rig time
- propagation time
- proving time
- pulling-out time
- pulse time of arrival
- pumpability time
- pump-down time
- pumping time
- putting on production time
- raw time
- ray-path time
- readiness time
- ready time
- reciprocal time
- reciprocating time
- record time
- reflection arrival time
- reflection travel time
- refraction break time
- refraction travel time
- rejection operating time
- removal time
- repair time per failure
- repair-and-servicing time
- repair-delay time
- repair-to-repair time
- replacement time
- required time of operation
- residual time
- reversed time
- rig time
- rig-down time
- rig-up time
- round-trip time
- round-up time
- routine maintenance time
- running-in time
- sample deformation time
- scheduled engineering time
- scheduled operating time
- search time
- second-event time
- seismic interval time
- seismic record time
- service time
- service adequacy time
- servicing time
- setting time
- setting-up time
- setup time
- shooting time
- shot-hole time
- shot-to-receiver time
- shut-in time
- spending time
- standby time
- standby unattended time
- station time
- step-out time
- supplementary maintenance time
- surface-to-surface time
- survival time
- tank emptying time
- tear-down time
- technician delay time
- thickening time of cement
- total time on test
- total gaging time
- total maintenance time
- total path time
- total rig time
- total technician time
- transit time
- traveling time
- trip time
- troubleshooting time
- turnaround time
- turnover time
- two-way travel time
- unproductive time
- uphole time
- uphole-shooting time
- usable time
- vertical path time
- vertical travel time
- vibration time
- wait-before-repair time
- waiting-on-cement time
- waiting-on-plastic time
- water-break time
- wave arrival time
- wave transit time
- wave traveling time
- wavefront time
- wear-out time
- weathering time
- well building time
- well drilling time
- well shut-in time
- zero-offset arrival time
- zero-offset travel time
- zero-spread time
* * *

• время пребывания

• время удержания

• момент

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > time

17 Baekeland, Leo Hendrik

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Photography, film and optics, Synthetic materials

[br]

b. 14 November 1863 Saint-Martens-Latern, Belgium

d. 23 February 1944 Beacon, New York, USA

[br]

Belgian/American inventor of the Velox photographic process and the synthetic plastic Bakélite.

[br]

The son of an illiterate shoemaker, Baekeland was first apprenticed in that trade, but was encouraged by his mother to study, with spectacular results. He won a scholarship to Gand University and graduated in chemistry. Before he was 21 he had achieved his doctorate, and soon afterwards he obtained professorships at Bruges and then at Gand. Baekeland seemed set for a distinguished academic career, but he turned towards the industrial applications of chemistry, especially in photography.

Baekeland travelled to New York to further this interest, but his first inventions met with little success so he decided to concentrate on one that seemed to have distinct commercial possibilities. This was a photographic paper that could be developed in artificial light; he called this "gas light" paper Velox, using the less sensitive silver chloride as a light-sensitive agent. It proved to have good properties and was easy to use, at a time of photography's rising popularity. By 1896 the process began to be profitable, and three years later Baekeland disposed of his plant to Eastman Kodak for a handsome sum, said to be $3–4 million. That enabled him to retire from business and set up a laboratory at Yonkers to pursue his own research, including on synthetic resins. Several chemists had earlier obtained resinous products from the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde but had ignored them. By 1907 Baekeland had achieved sufficient control over the reaction to obtain a good thermosetting resin which he called "Bakélite". It showed good electrical insulation and resistance to chemicals, and was unchanged by heat. It could be moulded while plastic and would then set hard on heating, with its only drawback being its brittleness. Bakelite was an immediate success in the electrical industry and Baekeland set up the General Bakelite Company in 1910 to manufacture and market the product. The firm grew steadily, becoming the Bakélite Corporation in 1924, with Baekeland still as active President.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Electrochemical Society 1909. President, American Chemical Society 1924. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1936.

Further Reading

J.Gillis, 1965, Leo Baekeland, Brussels.

A.R.Matthis, 1948, Leo H.Baekeland, Professeur, Docteur ès Sciences, chimiste, inventeur et grand industriel, Brussels.

J.K.Mumford, 1924, The Story of Bakélite.

C.F.Kettering, 1947, memoir on Baekeland, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 24 (includes a list of his honours and publications).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Baekeland, Leo Hendrik

18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

19 time

время; срок; дата; продолжительность; период; темп; производить расчет времени; согласовывать ( действия) по времени, хронометрировать

nuclear weapon reaction time (from target acquisition to delivery) — время реагирования систем доставки ЯО (от обнаружения цели до нанесения ЯУ)

qualifying time for promotion (to) — выслуга лет для присвоения очередного воинского звания

station time (air transport) — время на погрузку и подготовку ЛА к вылету

time on target (air) — ав. время нанесения удара по цели; время аэрофотосъемки цели

time on target (artillery) — время открытия одновременного сосредоточенного огня (различными артиллерийскими системами)

time on target (nuclear) — расчетное время ЯВ (в назначенном эпицентре)

— actual time over target

— administrative lead time

— administrative time

— airborne alert time

— aircraft loading time

— airfield escape time

— Alfa time

— allowable stay time

— approach warning time

— Army time

— assignment turnaround time

— attack-response time

— average landing time

— awaiting technical maintenance time

— blast travel time

— bomb fall time

— bonus time

— bridge laying time

— burst time

— buy time

— chow time

— clearance time

— closing time to contact

— closing time to minimum burst altitude time

— closing time

— closure time

— combat firing time

— combat mission planning time

— combat target exposure time

— combat time

— command time

— commitment time

— completion time

— computer information retrieval time

— continental US assignment turnaround time

— continuous flame throwing time

— control response time

— convoy time

— convoy turnaround time

— count down time

— critical time

— current operating time

— datum and datum time

— datum time ASW

— dazzle recovery time

— dead time

— decision-to-assault time

— deorbit time

— departure time

— deployment lead time

— deployment time

— depot processing time

— desired time over target

— detrucking time

— displacement time

— distribution time

— down time

— drill against time

— duration time

— dwell time

— earliest arriving time

— early time

— early-warning time

— ECM loiter time over target

— effective time of contamination

— effective time of operation

— effective time of the order

— elapsed time indicated

— emergency replenishment time

— emplacement time

— engine idle time

— entrucking time

— entry time

— erection time

— established time of separation

— establishment time

— estimated time of completion

— estimated time of crew's return

— estimated time of interception

— estimated time

— exception time

— exercise time

— expected minimum warning time

— exploitation time

— exposure time

— fallout arrival time

— fast setup time

— feeding time

— field time

— fighter exposure time per shot

— filing time

— fire exposure time

— fire renewal time

— fire time nuclear

— fire-enable time

— firing time

— firing-to-impact time

— first sighting — weapon trigger time

— flash-bang time

— flight time

— flight-in time

— fly-in time

— flying time to the target

— flying time

— follow-on forces closure time

— forces concentration time

— forces massing time

— forming time

— free time

— fuze running time

— gain time

— go time

— good conduct time

— Greenwich sidereal time

— ground launching time

— ground time

— ground turn-around time

— gyrospinup time

— half-residence time

— heavy-drop time

— holding time

— illumination time

— imaginary time

— impact point time

— information delivery time

— initial entry time

— in-operation time

— in-place time

— intelligence information storing time

— interception time

— intransit time

— jammer response time

— jump time

— jumpoff time

— lag time

— latest closing time

— latest time over target

— launcher reload time

— launching time

— lead time

— legal closing time

— Lima time

— line of departure time

— load time

— loading time

— load-out time

— local sidereal time

— logging time

— logistics lead time

— loiter time

— loxing time

— maintenance-down time

— maintenance-turnaround time

— manufacturing lead time

— mark time

— masking time

— materiel lead time

— mean active maintenance time

— mean time to repair

— median lethal time

— message secrecy time

— military time

— minimal warning time

— minimum delivery time

— minimum warning time

— minus time

— missile-to-target flight time

— mission duration time

— mission entry time

— mission loiter time

— mission station loiter time

— mission station over target time

— mobilization readiness lead time

— mortar time on area

— mortar time on line

— mortar time on target

— Mountain Standard time

— movement start time

— Naffy time

— NATO preparation time

— Navy time

— nuclear attack response time

— nuclear launch tentative time

— nuclear weapon employment time

— obscuration time

— observation time

— off-duty time

— offlanding time

— offload time

— off-station due time

— on-air time

— on-load/off-load time

— on-station time

— on-task time

— open air time

— open time

— opening fire time

— opening times

— order time

— order-ship time

— ordnance down time

— ordnance time to fall

— orientation time

— out-of-action time

— pad rehabilitation time

— pad stay time

— pass time

— personnel reaction time

— pipeline time

— play time

— plus time

— prelaunch time

— prior warning time

— procurement lead time

— production lead time

— pull time

— quick time

— radar lag time

— rating time

— reaction time

— readiness time

— receipt time

— recoil time

— recovery time

— refueling time

— regunning time

— reinforcing time

— release time

— reload time

— repair lead time

— response time

— resupply turn-around time

— retargeting time

— retire time

— road clearance time

— running time

— safe arming time

— SAM system reaction time

— scanning time

— scramble time

— self-destruction time

— setting-up time

— set-up/tear-down time

— shift time

— shock wave arrival time

— short reaction time

— short time of flight

— situational change reaction time

— slack time

— smoke build-up time

— smoke screen time

— staff reaction time

— stand-down time

— start point time

— stay time

— stick jump time

— stick time

— strategic warning lead time

— strategic warning post-decision time

— strategic warning pre-decision time

— system delay time

— tactical warning time

— target "unmask" time

— target acquisition - engagement time

— target detection - engagement time

— target illumination time

— target stay time

— target-exposure time

— target-servicing time

— tension time

— tie-up time

— time available

— time between overhauls

— time closed

— time enroute

— time in commission

— time into action

— time of arrival

— time of attack

— time of delivery

— time of flight

— time of origin

— time of receipt

— time of return to operation

— time on aim

— time on station

— time on target

— time over target

— time past a point

— time reported displaced

— time taken to complete a move

— time to go

— time Universal Observed

— track time

— training time

— trajectory safety time

— trajectory time

— transhipment time

— troop movement alert time

— turnaround time

— unit time

— unloading time

— unserved time

— warhead delivery time

— warhead detonation delay time

— warmup time

— warning time

— warranted-between-failure time

— weapon reaction time

— weapon-target time

— win time

— zero reaction time

— Zulu time

English-Russian military dictionary > time

20 standard

'stændəd
1. noun
1) (something used as a basis of measurement: The kilogram is the international standard of weight.)

2) (a basis for judging quality, or a level of excellence aimed at, required or achieved: You can't judge an amateur artist's work by the same standards as you would judge that of a trained artist; high standards of behaviour; His performance did not reach the required standard.)

3) (a flag or carved figure etc fixed to a pole and carried eg at the front of an army going into battle.)

2. adjective
((accepted as) normal or usual; The Post Office likes the public to use a standard size of envelope.)

- standardize
- standardise
- standardization
- standardisation
- standard-bearer
- be up to / below standard
- standard of living

standard¹ adj estándar

the standard size el tamaño estándar

it's standard practice es la práctica habitual

standard² n

1. nivel

your work is of a high standard tu trabajo es de un nivel alto

2. criterio

by modern standards, the cities were dirty and dangerous según criterios modernos, las ciudades estaban sucias y eran peligrosas

standard adjetivo & nm ➣ estándar
' standard' also found in these entries: Spanish: abanderada - abanderado - estándar - estandarte - lámpara - nivel - norma - patrón - patrona - pauta - pendón - calor - clásico - cultural - fórmula - insignia - uniforme English: ASCII - employ - gold standard - ISBN - standard - standard-bearer - up to - adequate - come - CST - division - double - EST - go - LST - MST - par - policy - PST - rise - set - tone - unacceptable - up - well

standard

tr['stændəd]

noun

1 (level, degree) nivel nombre masculino; (quality) cualidad nombre femenino

■ your work is of a very high standard tu trabajo es de muy buena calidad

■ the hygiene in this restaurant does not reach the standard required la higiene de este restaurante no alcanza el nivel exigido

■ he sets very high standards exige un nivel muy alto

2 (criterion, yardstick) criterio, valor nombre masculino

■ by European standards según criterios europeos

■ by any standard desde cualquier punto de vista

3 (norm, rule) norma, regla, estándar nombre masculino

■ rigorous safety standards normas de seguridad rigurosas

4 (flag) estandarte nombre masculino, bandera; (of ship) pabellón nombre masculino

5 (official measure) patrón nombre masculino

■ the gold standard el patrón oro

6 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL tema nombre masculino clásico, clásico

adjective

1 normal, estándar

■ it is standard practice es la norma, es la práctica habitual

■ standard model modelo estándar

■ standard size tamaño normal

■ standard English inglés estándar

plural noun standards

1 (moral principles) principios nombre masculino plural, valores nombre masculino plural

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be up to / be below standard satisfacer los requisitos / no satisfacer los requisitos

standard lamp lámpara de pie

standard of living nivel nombre masculino de vida

standard time hora oficial

standard ['stændərd] adj

1) established: estándar, oficial

standard measures: medidas oficiales

standard English: el inglés estándar

2) normal: normal, estándar, común

3) classic: estándar, clásico

a standard work: una obra clásica

standard n

1) banner: estandarte m

2) criterion: criterio m

3) rule: estándar m, norma f, regla f

4) level: nivel m

standard of living: nivel de vida

5) support: poste m, soporte m

standard

adj.

• clásico, -a adj.

• corriente adj.

• estándar adj.

• legal adj.

• norma adj.

• normal adj.

• patrón (Norma) adj.

• reglamentario, -a adj.

n.

• bandera s.f.

• enseña s.f.

• estandarte s.m.

• estándar s.m.

• ley s.f.

• lábaro s.m.

• marco s.m.

• medida s.f.

• modelo s.m.

• nivel s.m.

• norma s.f.

• patrón s.m.

• pendón s.m.

• tafetán s.m.

• tasa s.f.

I 'stændərd, 'stændəd
noun

1)

a) ( level) nivel m; ( quality) calidad f

your typing is not of the required standard — tu mecanografía no está al nivel de lo que se exige

the standard of education leaves much to be desired — la calidad de la educación deja mucho que desear

standard of living — nivel m or estándar m de vida

b) ( norm)

she sets very high standards — exige un estándar or nivel muy alto

the product was below standard — el producto no era de la calidad requerida

up to standard — del nivel requerido or de la calidad requerida

c) ( official measure) estándar m

2)

a) ( yardstick) criterio m, parámetro m

even by Mafia standards — incluso para la mafia

by any o anybody's standards — se mire por donde se mire or desde cualquier punto de vista

b) standards pl ( moral principles) principios mpl

declining standards in society — decadencia moral en la sociedad

3) (flag, emblem) estandarte m

II

adjective

1) ( normal) < size> estándar adj inv, normal; < model> ( Auto) estándar adj inv, de serie; < procedure> habitual; < reaction> típico, normal

it's standard (practice) to ask for security — pedir garantías es la norma, se acostumbra or se suele pedir garantías

2) ( officially established) <weight/measure> estándar adj inv, oficial

standard time — hora f oficial

3)

a) <work/reference> clásico

b) <English/French/pronunciation> estándar adj inv

['stændǝd]
1. N

1) (=measure) estándar m

his standards are high/low — sus estándares son altos/bajos, los niveles que requiere son altos/bajos

by any standard the work was good — el trabajo era bueno desde cualquier punto de vista

the food was awful even by my (undemanding) standards — la comida era espantosa incluso para mí (que soy poco exigente)
double 6.
2) (=norm)

• to be below standard — no tener la suficiente calidad

• standards of conduct — normas fpl de conducta

• the gold standard — (Econ) el patrón oro

• to set a standard, the society sets standards for judging different breeds of dog — la asociación establece ciertos patrones or ciertas normas para juzgar las distintas razas de perros

society sets impossible standards for feminine beauty — la sociedad impone unos patrones de belleza femenina imposibles

to set a good standard — imponer un nivel alto

her work has set a standard for excellence which it will be hard to equal — su labor ha establecido unos niveles de excelencia que serán muy difíciles de igualar

this film sets a new standard — esta película establece nuevos niveles de calidad cinematográfica, esta película supera los niveles cinematográficos anteriores

• her work/performance was not up to standard — su trabajo/actuación no estaba a la altura (requerida)

the product is not up to standard — el producto no tiene la calidad requerida

3) (=level) nivel m ; (=quality) calidad f

she has French to first-year university standard — su francés es de un nivel de primer año de carrera

the standard of service — el nivel de servicio

their standard of hygiene leaves much to be desired — los niveles de higiene que tienen dejan mucho que desear

the standard of medical care — la calidad de atención médica

• of (a) high/ low standard — de alto/bajo nivel

high standards of conduct are expected of students — a los alumnos se les exige un nivel de comportamiento muy elevado

4) standards valores mpl morales

she has no standards — carece de valores morales or principios

there has been a corruption of moral standards — han decaído los valores morales

5) (=flag) estandarte m, bandera f

6) (=pole) (for flag) poste m ; (for lamp) pie m

7) (Bot) árbol o arbusto de tronco erecto y desprovisto de ramas

8) (=song) tema m clásico, clásico m

2. ADJ

1) (=normal) [design, length] estándar adj inv ; [amount, size] normal; [feature] normal, corriente; [charge] fijo; [procedure] habitual

electric windows come as standard on this car — las ventanillas eléctricas son de serie en este coche

the standard treatment is an injection of glucose — el tratamiento habitual es una inyección de glucosa

• to become standard — [practice, procedure] imponerse como norma

it has become standard practice for many surgeons — se ha convertido en una norma entre muchos cirujanos

2) (=officially approved) [spelling, pronunciation] estándar adj inv ; [grammar] normativa; [measure] legal

3) (=classic, recommended)

it's a standard text — es un texto clásico

3.

CPD

standard bearer N — (lit) abanderado(-a) m / f ; (fig) abanderado(-a) m / f, adalid mf

standard class N — clase f turista

standard deviation N — (Statistics) desviación f estándar or típica

standard English N — inglés m estándar or normativo

standard error N — (Statistics) error m estándar or típico

standard gauge N — (Rail) vía f normal

Standard Grade N — (Scot) (Scol) certificado obtenido tras aprobar los exámenes al final de la educación secundaria obligatoria

See:

see cultural note GCSE

standard lamp N — lámpara f de pie

standard model N — modelo m estándar

standard of living N — nivel m de vida

standard price N — precio m oficial

standard quality N — calidad f normal

standard rate N — (Econ) tipo m de interés vigente

standard time N — hora f oficial

standard unit N — (Elec, Gas) paso m (de contador)

standard weight N — peso m legal

* * *

I ['stændərd, 'stændəd]
noun

1)

a) ( level) nivel m; ( quality) calidad f

your typing is not of the required standard — tu mecanografía no está al nivel de lo que se exige

the standard of education leaves much to be desired — la calidad de la educación deja mucho que desear

standard of living — nivel m or estándar m de vida

b) ( norm)

she sets very high standards — exige un estándar or nivel muy alto

the product was below standard — el producto no era de la calidad requerida

up to standard — del nivel requerido or de la calidad requerida

c) ( official measure) estándar m

2)

a) ( yardstick) criterio m, parámetro m

even by Mafia standards — incluso para la mafia

by any o anybody's standards — se mire por donde se mire or desde cualquier punto de vista

b) standards pl ( moral principles) principios mpl

declining standards in society — decadencia moral en la sociedad

3) (flag, emblem) estandarte m

II

adjective

1) ( normal) < size> estándar adj inv, normal; < model> ( Auto) estándar adj inv, de serie; < procedure> habitual; < reaction> típico, normal

it's standard (practice) to ask for security — pedir garantías es la norma, se acostumbra or se suele pedir garantías

2) ( officially established) <weight/measure> estándar adj inv, oficial

standard time — hora f oficial

3)

a) <work/reference> clásico

b) <English/French/pronunciation> estándar adj inv

English-spanish dictionary > standard

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